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Koreans in California

US is the place where there is openings. With open society offering opportunity and freedom, United States has consistently been an alluring spot for settlers from all through the world. The convergence of individuals having assorted culture and foundation in one society on one hand has been profiting and then again, it has been acting major issues like well. New individuals set aside some effort to change in new condition. The between social and ethnic showdowns are significant hindrances in their development. In any case, time permits the residue to settle down. Same is the tale of Korean migrants resulting in these present circumstances enormous hearted nation, who started their excursion just about hundred years prior. They discovered extreme opposition however had high aspirations. Through their sheer difficult work and easygoing nature, Korean outsiders are currently considered as a vital series of US cultural fiber. This paper targets investigating the historical backdrop of Korean migrants to United States uncommonly in California, featuring the beginning of their excursion, issues they experienced, explanations behind their coming to America, their current state, current issues looked by them, and their business exercises. History of Korean Immigration Koreans are one of the biggest, quickest developing Asian gatherings in the United States. Their migration to the U.S. begun somewhere in the range of 1902 and 1905 when a sum of 7,200 Koreans showed up in Hawaii as sugar estate laborers (Lee 21). The troublesome working conditions on the estates propelled some Korean Americans to move to the territory where many proceeded in farming work. Since their underlying numbers were constrained in this manner they didn't shaped gatherings and rather remained genuinely scattered. After the abolishment of the Immigration Act in 1965, enormous quantities of Koreans, including some from the North that have come by means of South Korea, have been moving from that point forward, placing Korea in the main five nations of cause of workers to the United States since 1975. Introductory Problems Faced by Korean Immigrants At the outset, Koreans encountered similar sorts of segregation that other Asian gatherings experienced including being precluded from going to class with whites in San Francisco, being not able to intermarry with whites (California Anti-Miscegenation Law, 1901) and being not able to claim land in California (1913 Alien Land Law). The years from 1910-1940, were especially hard for some Korean Americans as they suspected of themselves more as outcasts than workers and felt they were without a nation. They had issues in landing positions, and even were confined from going to open spots (Takaki 10-25). Explanations behind Korean Immigrations to US Koreans came to America for an assortment of reasons like family get-togethers, escaping from military systems or the danger of war, better work openings, and a decent instruction for their kids. Other than that different explanations behind migration incorporate their craving for expanded opportunity, particularly for ladies, and the expectation for better financial conditions. To put it plainly, they came here to understand their own â€Å"American dream.† The Present State of Korean Immigrants Today there are over a million Korean Americans. They have proceeded with their initial examples of not being as concentrated as other Asian gatherings specifically areas. As of now 44% live in the West, 23% in the Northeast, 19% in the South, and 14% in the Midwest. The state with the biggest populace is California with 33% of the aggregate; New York is second with 12%. Indeed, even in California the populace is dissipated with just 20% of the Koreans in Southern California living in Koreatown, Los Angeles. Korea town is situated around five miles west of City Hall and is generally limited by Beverly Boulevard and Pico Boulevard toward the north and south and Hoover and Crenshaw on the east and west. In Southern California they own 45% of alcohol stores, 46% of little basic food item markets, and 45% of one-hour photograph shops (Takaki, 40-50). The Current Issue Faced by Korean Immigrants The 1992 Los Angeles occurrences have left numerous imprints in the memory of Korean Americans. The Korean people group is yet to recuperate from the outcome of Rodney King decisions. A great part of the devastation was caused to numerous Korean markets and organizations which were situated in those regions of the downtown (South Central and Korea town) which were burned to the ground. As indicated by gauges half of Korean American property was lost. Around then there was next to zero police nearness in those zones and Koreans were left at their own. The disappointment despite everything proceeds because of absence of due help of the state, and 40% of the Korean organizations lost have not had the option to revive. The Koreans business in those regions despite everything battle to battle high pace of wrongdoing, viciousness, and interethnic strain (Hwangbo 1-2). End Like America, Koreans are intense, flexible, and true. They realize how to get by through emergencies. Similarly as with most other Asian gatherings, California is progressively favored by new Korean outsiders as a perpetual spot to settle down. As people group, they are harmony cherishing, and they unequivocally put stock in Confucian educating of family culture. They had intense occasions in California and confronted segregations, however they adhered to their point of making agreement and taking a stab at a superior future. They are still faced with ethnic difficulties however are fruitful in arranging the issues as and when they emerge. Works Cited Hwangbo, Kay. â€Å"Human Dramas in The Their Own Voices.† LA Times, April 4, 1996: 1-2 . Lee, Lauren. Korean Americans. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1995. Takaki, Ronald. Outsiders from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. NY: Penguin, 1989.

An Overview of Psychology Careers

An Overview of Psychology Careers February 05, 2018 More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Careers in psychology tend to be quite diverse and job options depend primarily on factors such as the type of degree held, years of experience, and specialty area of choice. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, psychology ranks as the fourth most popular college major in the United States. But, exactly what types of psychology careers are available to these psychology grads? While options tend to be more limited for those holding an undergraduate degree in psychology, there are a number of different entry-level job options available. Those who continue on to earn a masters or doctorate in psychology will find more career options, higher salaries, and stronger advancement opportunities. Entry-Level An undergraduate degree in psychology can serve as a great foundation for further study in the subject. But as many as 75 percent of all students who earn a bachelors never continue on to graduate school. The U.S. Department of Labor reports that jobs tend to be much more limited at this level, but there are still some options. Common job titles for bachelors degree-holders include psychiatric technician, case manager, and rehabilitation specialist. Some may find positions in different fields such as management, sales, human resources, and marketing.? Other job titles that might be an option solely with a bachlors degree include: Child Care WorkerCollege Recruiter or Admissions CounselorCorrectional Treatment SpecialistFinancial Aid CounselorProbation OfficerResearch AssistantYouth Counselor Graduate Degree There are many different subfields of psychology and various types of psychologists. Some people choose to focus on health-related careers that are centered on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness. These psychologists often work in hospitals, mental health clinics, or in private practice and work directly with clients who are experiencing symptoms of psychological or psychiatric disorders. ?Such job titles might include art therapist, child psychologist, clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist, and family and marriage therapist. In contrast, other psychologists focus mainly on research. They often work on a particular topic such as the brain, memory, attention, and other areas and are frequently employed by universities. In addition to performing research on psychology, they may also teach undergraduate and graduate classes.? Job titles in this area might include cognitive psychologist, comparative psychologist, experimental psychologist, research psychologist, and social psychologist. Still other psychologists work in areas that allow them to solve real-world problems. For example, they might design workspaces in order to maximize safety and productivity or work in legal settings to evaluate criminal suspects. A few job titles in this area include aviation psychologist, forensic psychologist, human factors psychologist, and military psychologist. Job Outlook Every year, the U.S. Department of Labor publishes their Occupational Outlook Handbook which includes projected job growth or loss for various professions over the coming years. According to them, psychology careers are expected to grow at a rate of 19 percent over the coming decade. 11 Things You Can Do With a Bachelors Degree in Psychology This overall projection is faster than the average for all occupations. Yet, it is important to also note that actual growth in individual specialty areas may vary considerably. For example, due to an increased demand for psychological services in hospitals and schools, the need for clinical psychologists and school psychologists is expected to grow by around 20 percent. It is also important to consider that factors such as education, training, and experience can also impact the job outlook for individuals working in psychology. Certain professions may grow more competitive. So, those who have advanced degrees in their chosen specialties are more likely to command top positions and higher salaries. Educational Training Requirements If you are thinking about a career in psychology, it is important to first consider your interests and goals. An undergraduate degree in psychology can provide an excellent background for different entry-level jobs. But, you will need to earn a graduate degree in psychology if you are interested in becoming a psychologist. Spend some time researching your options and investigate graduate programs that will be a good match for your particular interests. While each program may provide a strong background in psychology, each one differs in terms of its scope and focus. Aim to find a program that will let you both focus on your specialty area and work in your chosen career once you graduate. Exact educational and training requirements vary depending upon your chosen specialty area. If you want to become a school psychologist, for example, you would need to earn at minimum a masters or educational specialist degree in school psychologyâ€"although many may opt to earn a doctorate degree in the subject. Additionally, school psychologists must complete a one-year internship and become licensed to work in their state. If you are interested in becoming a licensed clinical psychologist instead, then you must complete an accredited doctorate program in clinical psychology, complete an internship, and pass state licensing exams. 8 Careers You Might Consider School psychologists work in educational settings to help children deal with emotional, academic, and social problems. Thanks to increased interest in the mental health of children and federal education legislation, school psychology has rapidly become one of the fastest growing fields. The demand for qualified school psychologists exceeds the number of candidates available, which means that job opportunities are typically high.?Counselors help people with a wide variety of problems, including marriage, family, emotional, educational, and substance abuse issues. Nearly half of all counselors work in health care or social welfare settings, while others work for state and local governments. Though requirements vary, almost all states mandate at least a masters degree in order to become a licensed counselor. Typical work settings include K-12 schools, colleges and universities, hospitals, mental health clinics, and private practice.?Forensic psychologists apply psychology to the fields of criminal investigation and law. This has rapidly become one of the hottest psychology careers thanks to numerous portrayals in popular movies, television programs, and books. While the field may not be as glamorous as it is depicted in the media, forensic psychology is still an exciting career choice with a lot of potential for growth. Forensic psychologists often work in the legal system with other experts to deal with family, civil, or criminal issues. They may be involved in child custody assessments, scrutinize insurance claims, evaluate mental health issues in criminal cases, and provide expert testimony.?Engineering psychologists use psychology to examine how people interact with machines and other technology. These professionals use their understanding of the human mind and behavior to help design and improve technology, consumer products, work settings, and living environments. For example, an engineering psychologist might work as part of a team to redesign a product to make it more efficient and easier to use in a work situation. Those working in academic settings report the lowest earnings, while others in the private sector report higher salaries.?Clinical psychology is the single largest employment area within the field of psychology. Clinical psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat people living with psychological or psychiatric disorders. These professionals typically work in hospital settings, mental health clinics, or private practices. In order to become a clinical psychologist, you must have a doctoral-level degree in clinical psychology and most states require a minimum of a one-year internship. Most graduate school programs in clinical psychology are fairly competitive.?Sports psychologists focus on the psychological aspects of sports and athletics, including topics such as motivation, performance, and injury. The two major areas within sports psychology are centered on helping improve athletic performance and on using sports to impro ve mental and physical health. Sports psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including universities, hospitals, athletic centers, private consulting practices, and research facilities.?Industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologists focus on workplace behavior, often using psychological principles to increase worker productivity and to select employees that are best-suited for particular jobs. There are several different specialty areas within industrial-organizational psychology. For example, some I-O psychologists train and assess employees and others evaluate job candidates. While there are some employment opportunities at the masters degree level, those with a doctoral degree in industrial-organizational psychology are in greater demand and command significantly higher salaries.?Health psychologists are interested in how mental, emotional, and social factors influence health and illness. They often work in hospital or government settings to help promote healthy behaviors and prevent illness. For example, they may research the causes of health problems, administer community health programs, and help people choose healthy behaviors. A Word From Verywell Psychology is an incredibly diverse field and careers can range from those that focus on mental health to those centered on research. People who are interested in a psychology career should spend time carefully researching their options in order to determine which specialty area is right for their needs, interests, and goals.

Effective Management in Medi-Call Firm Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The high number of clients can increase the lack of necessity of equipment such as beds are inadequate as patients experience force, facilitating them to sleep in pairs. It is evident that Medi-Call systems need to have all sort of management go back to the drawing board and strategies on new ways forward. This is in terms of operation management and its performance. As per present-day standings, Medi-Call systems is at its best of performance, though the fact is that, there lies a great opportunity for better performance. The elderly need peace of mind as they require attention to meditate and their eardrums may be weak which can cause harm to them and cause impartibility. The elderly need ease to access medical facility as the elderly are prone to diseases which might distort their way of living and inconvenience the way they leave they might need total care and support (Faherty, 2009, 102). This refers to the elderly, who are the direct beneficiaries of the firm s services. Close ly follows the elderly family and friends, inclusive of all direct relatives too. With the firms' operation and service rendering to the community, in terms of catering for their age, facilitating their daily lives positively (Lovelock, 2012, 297). Buildings used for homes of the elderly they should not be in a storey form as most of the elderly got difficulty in walking this would reduce the mobility of the elderly patients forcing them to seek support from nurses slowing activities in the institution. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Management in Medi-Call Firm or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Psychology-Institutional Aggression - 770 Words

Outline and Evaluate explanations of Institutional Aggression. Institutional Aggression can be defined as aggressive behaviour that occurs within an institution and is motivated by social forces, rather than anger or frustration. An institution usually refers to an organisation or place of confinement with its own social roles where behaviour is formally restricted and under the control of specific staff; for example, prisons, hospitals, army camps and boarding schools. The ‘importation model’ proposed by Irwin and Cressey (1962) claims that prisoners bring their own social histories and traits with them into prison, and this influences their adaptation to the prison environment, Irwin and Cressey argue that prisoners are not ‘blank†¦show more content†¦Levels of deprivation remain fairly constant in many institutions and yet violence can erupt suddenly, for seemingly little reason. The deprivation model also doesn’t take into account gender differences. Scholars have reported that female offenders develop stronger bonds with their other members of their social groups rather than identify with the prisoner subculture, and thus explanations for female aggression in prisons may be qualitatively different from those for male inmates. Richards (2007) examined inmate-on-staff and inmate-on-inmate assaults in some 900 US state prisons operating from 1984 to 1995. Some inmate programmes increased mean rates of assaults in prisons, while others decreased levels of violence, suggesting that it is indeed the particular characteristics of the prison institution itself that account for the violence. In addition, frequent changes in governors and administrators of state prison systems increased mean rates of staff assaults. All this evidence provides support for the deprivation model. However, this study only addresses prison environments and cannot be generalised to other institutions such as hospitals. It is also a correlational study and therefore it is impossible to distinguish cause andShow MoreRelatedMultiracial Families : Multiracial People1174 Words   |  5 Pagesdemographic group among U.S. citizens under the age of 18. This remarkable increase is because mixed marriages and families are at an all time high mul tiracial youth and mixed families often experience unique types of discrimination and micro aggressions. Among the multiple types, one is exclusion or isolation in which multiracial people are excluded due to their mixed status. For example, a Hispanic and white biracial child may not be treated as equally as his or her mono-racial siblings or cousinsRead MoreEssay on Mass Media on Violence1502 Words   |  7 Pagesnewer video games, televisions, and gaming systems on the market each year. 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Racism is complicated, systemic and institutional as described by researchers; (Jones, 1997): personal, which may be considered the same as prejudice (Allport, 1958); institutional, involving a set of environmental conditions, such as housing market conditions, that favors one group over another; and cultural, referring to shared beliefs about the superiorityRead MoreIs Abu Ghraib : How Good People Turn Evil?945 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Psychology Week 8 For this week’s discussion I was given, Genocide to Abu Ghraib: How good people turn evil. Abu Ghraib prison was a US Army detention center for captured Iraqis from 2003 to 2006. An investigation into the treatment of detainees at the prison was started by the unearthing of graphic photos showing guards abusing detainees in 2003. 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The articles’ aims are similar in their exploration Free Essays

The three essays, â€Å"Islam is Not the Solution (or the Problem)† by Daniel Brumberg, â€Å"Is There an Islamic Civilization?† by Yilmaz Esmer, and â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† by Samuel Huntington present a look at civilization as a dominant factor, in particular the role of an Islamic civilization, on a national and global level. The articles’ aims are similar in their exploration of what it means to be a Islamic civilization and the effects this is having and will continue to have economically, politically, and culturally for people residing in these countries and nearby. All of the writers, in the course of making and proving their hypotheses, attempt to define what it is to be a civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on The articles’ aims are similar in their exploration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Civilization, as Samuel Huntington explains, â€Å"is a cultural entity [†¦] a civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species† (24). Civilizations differ from each other along the lines of history, language, culture, tradition, and religion. In â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† Huntington takes a look at western civilizations in relation to non-western civilizations, including but not limited to Islamic civilizations. Huntington states that it is his belief that civilization identity rather than national identity will be of ever increasing importance and that the most important conflicts will â€Å"occur along cultural fault lines† (25). If you read the news from the Middle East on any given day, you can easily see Huntington’s ideas come to life. In Iraq, for instance, the biggest conflicts that now exist are not threats from other nation’s but rather from the inside, particularly along religious lines. Huntington uses primarily history as the springboard for his theories, noting the changes in Islamic and European countries (citing heavily Russia as an example). In â€Å"Is There an Islamic Civilization?† Yilmaz Esmer attempts to use past hypotheses and statistical numbers to show the value indicators, which can define Islamic civilization. He notes in the beginning of his essay that a large majority of people in secular but Islamic-dominated countries will first identify themselves as Muslim and then identify themselves by their nationhood. I found this very interesting, being an American. I imagine, if you asked any given group of U.S. citizens how they identify themselves, one of their first responses would be American and then their religious affiliation. In the course of the article Esmer is able to show through World Values Survey statistics that there are certain defining factors to Islam in connection with values. The most notable differences among Islamic nations and civilizations from non-Islamic nations and civilizations lie in gender equality and the importance of faith. As Huntington notes in his article, â€Å"economic modernization and social change [†¦] weaken the nation state as a source of identity. In much of the world religion has moved in to fill this gap† (26). Unlike Huntington and Esmer’s essays, Daniel Brumberg’s essay â€Å"Islam is Not the Solution (or the Problem)† does not concentrate on the definition of civilizations, namely Islamic, but rather explores how best the West can work with Islamic civilizations and nations with a large Islamic base to explore democracy and overcome the current autocracies that are the norm. One of the points I found the most interesting about Brumberg’s essay was his exploration of the role identity plays in the bridge between democracy and the present autocracy of many Islamic countries. Islam faces a unique challenge in supporting a democracy. As he explains, â€Å"barriers are so formidable that, for the foreseeable future, any effective engagement with Islamist will require dealing with activists, many of whom espouse ideas profoundly at odds with U.S. notions of democracy and freedom† (98). In some of these countries, religion is so imbedded in the political framework it seems almost impossible to extract it. Brumberg makes the case for non-Islamic groups to gain a voice alongside (not instead of) the Islamic majority. From reading the three essays, I am able to draw my own conclusions on Islamic civilization and the role it will play in world politics. I think it is obvious that there is such a thing as Islamic civilization, as Esmer’s conclusion and Huntington’s history proves. As noted before, simply watch the news on any given night or check out the world news section and there is bound to be an article positive, negative, or neutral on the signs of Islamic civilization in the world. But all of the essays still leave me wondering what’s next? Will, as Brumberg advocates, the Islamic states shed their autocracies and allow non-Islamic interest groups to gain a hold in governing these nations? Will the ideological breaks between civilizations cause even bigger breaks within? Works Cited Brumberg, Daniel. â€Å"Islam is Not the Solution (or the Problem).† Esmer, Yilmaz. â€Å"Is There an Islamic Civilization?† Huntington, Samuel P. â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† How to cite The articles’ aims are similar in their exploration, Papers

The aim of the experiment is to find how much energy is contained in a peanut Essay Example

The aim of the experiment is to find how much energy is contained in a peanut Essay Hypothesis: Peanuts are made up of mainly fat and protein. The human body need both protein and fat for survival.Proteins:Proteins form the main structure of the human body. We therefore need protein for growth and body building, and for repairing worn out or damaged tissues.Some proteins contribute to the structure of the cell, e.g. to the cell membranes, the mitochondria, ribosomes and chromosomes. These proteins are known as structural proteins.Protein contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but it also contains nitrogen and sometimes sulphur too.A protein molecule is composed of lost of building blocks called amino acids and the links between them are called peptide links. About twenty amino acids exist in nature. The particular amino acids present, and the order in which they occur, very from one protein to another. In a complete protein molecule the amino acid chain is coiled, folded and cross-linked in various ways.Proteins can be split into their amino acids by adding water. Th is takes place in two steps: first the protein is broken down into shorter chains called polypeptides. Then the polypeptides are broken down into separate amino acid. If water is removed, the amino acids link together to form polypeptides and eventually protein.Some proteins are tough and fibre-like. They form the main structures of the body: bones, muscle, skin, and so on. Others exist in solution, for example, in the blood and in our cells. These soluble proteins include a very important group of chemicals called enzymes.If a protein is heated much above 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C the molecules shape changes; we say the protein is has been denatured, this can ruin its functions.Proteins are composed of amino acids. The human body can make certain amino acids, so we do not need them in our diet. Others cannot be made so we must get them in our diet. These are called essential amino acids. They are vital for good health and absence of just one can have severe consequences.In addition proteins give us a certain amount of energy, but they are not as important in this respect as fats or carbohydrates.A lack of protein causes a disease, which makes the human body weak and listless. This disease is called, Kwashiorkor.Meat is the best source of protein. However, there are substitutes for the vegetarians i.e. Soya beans which is also very high in protein.The energy value for protein is: 1g of protein contains 39 kJPart of protein molecule showing how it is made up of a chain of amino acids. The different shapes represent different types of amino acids.Fat:The main function of fats is to give us energy so like carbohydrates they are energy foods. In man and other animals fat is stored under the skin: this helps to keep the body warm, as well as serving as an energy store. There are many different kinds of fats. Each contains particular fatty acids. Fat is like a carbohydrate in that it contains carbon, hydrogen relative to oxygen. Some fats are liquids. We call them oils.A fa t molecule consists of two parts. The main part is glycerol. Attached to the glycerol are chains called fatty acids. The fat can be split into its glycerol and fatty acid parts by adding water. And these parts can be linked together by taking water away. Different kinds of fat contain different fatty acids.Now some fatty acids are described as saturated, others as unsaturated. A saturated fatty acid cannot possess any more hydrogen atoms: the molecule is full up, like a saturated sponge full of water. An unsaturated fatty acid, on the other hand, has room for more atoms.The energy value for fat is: 1g of fat contains 17kJA typical fat or oil consists of a molecule of glycerol linked with three molecules of fatty acid:The peanuts are not completely made up of fat and protein other substances such as starch, vitamins and minerals. From this I predict that there will be about 15kJ/g for the amount of energy contained.I predict that that a peanut with more mass should give off more ener gy when the peanut is burned. I predict this because the peanuts with the higher mass have more chemical bonds thus, more energy will be contained within the bonds. The energy will be given off as the peanut is being burned. I predict that mass is directly proportional to energy released.Method:Apparatus: Bunsen burner,Wood Splints,Stand and Clamp,Boiling Tubes,Mounted Needles,Thermometer,Measuring CylinderRandomly picked peanuts,Weighing balance.1. Put 20 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of water into a boiling tube. Fix the tube in a clamp so that it is held at an angle of 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.2. Weigh a peanut very carefully, in grams using the chemical balance and record the result.3. Fix the peanut onto a mounted needle, taking care that no bits drop off.4. Measure the temperature of the water in the boiling tube and note the result.5. Ignite the peanut in a Bunsen flame. Quickly place the burning peanut under the boiling tube. The idea is to use as much heat as possible from the burning nut to heat t he water in the tube.If the nut goes out, relight it quickly and put it back under the tube,When the peanut has completely burnt. Measure the temperature of water in the boiling tube.When the peanut has completely burnt/ measure the temperature of the boiling tube again and note the result.Results:Mass of Peanut (g)Initial Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Final Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Rise in temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Total Energy Released (J)Energy Released Jules per gram (kJ/g)1.2120503031232.580.8919422332563.650.9820422228282.881.1418472921361.87Averages: 45.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 26à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 2835.75J 2.196kJ/gI worked out the total energy released by a certain formula, which is:MASS OF WATER X RISE IN TEMPERATURE X 4.2(In Grams) (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)MASS OF THE PEANUTI worked out the energy released in kJ/G by dividing the energy released by the mass of the peanut from the energy released and I divided the answer again by one thousand to gain my answer.Conclusion:I have come to the conclu sion that the average energy released from the peanut to be 2.196kJ/g, which is no where near to the prediction I gave in the hypothesis. This shows that there were many errors in the experiment.I also found that the mass of the peanut was not much on an issue in the experiment as the minimum mass released the highest amount of energy. Obviously the experiments were unfair and the degree of accuracy was not good.When the peanut was burned heat was released from the peanut. The heat was released because the reaction is exothermic and that the bonds were being broken to give off heat. Chemical energy inside the peanut was being changed into heat energy as the bonds were being heated are broken. When we eat peanuts the same experiment takes place in our bodies and from this experiment I have come to the conclusion that the whole process is not efficient.Graph: The graph shows that there is absolutely no relation between mass and energy released. I predicted in my hypothesis that mass w as directly proportional to energy released. Unfortunately, errors have occurred in the experiment, which should not have happened.Evaluation:The experiments were very important to the investigation as I would be getting my results from them and because they were carried out with the most possible degree of care and accuracy. However, sources of error were inevitable. The following are precautions taken whist doing the experiments to decrease the level on inaccuracy: -The equipment was well washed so that any impurities could be washed off and therefore not contaminate the water and alter the boiling point of the water and change my results. I did not hold the thermometer as I would conduct heat into the thermometer and alter the readings so therefore a rubber bung held it.The following sources of errors, in my opinion, have affected my results, they are: The rounding up of temperatures and measurements.Obviously from my results that there were many errors in the experiment. And th at many improvements should be made to make the experiment more efficient so that we can get better results.A lot of the heat was being lost to the surroundings and thus did not heat up the boiling tube with all the water. One fact is that the person doing the experiment should be very attentive because his hand when holding the mounted needle that he jerks around and more heat can be lost.There should be a covering of some sort over the boiling tube and the mounted needle to prevent any heat loss. Aluminium foil would be ideal as heat is reflected back because of its shiny surface. Also a direct supply of oxygen should be provided so that the flame on the peanut is kept going.The peanut took a while to ignite and when you thought you had it lit it would go straight out again. You would have to relight the peanut several times so it can continue burning.The whole peanut would never completely burn as the flame would go out and it will be hard to ignite the peanut again. This will te ll you that not all the bonds in the peanut were broken and the experiment is not complete as not all the energy is being released.To improve the experiment maybe a I could have used a more precise thermometer to measure the temperature more accurately, instead of rounding off to the nearest temperature. The water should have been measured more accurately maybe by using a graduated pipette.

The Downfall of Nobility of Poe Essays

The Downfall of Nobility of Poe Essays The Downfall of Nobility of Poe Essay The Downfall of Nobility of Poe Essay Essay Topic: The Fall of the House Of Usher The short narratives of Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of Amontillado shows the ruin of baronial households or persons- The Usher’s in the former and Fortunato in the latter. Both short narratives besides feature eerie vaults and infinites. The death of the baronial household represents the ruin of worlds in general and the eerie puting represents the human consciousness. Downfall and VaultsThe rubric The Fall of the House of Usher foreshadows what would go on in the narrative literally and figuratively. Roderick Usher and his sister Medeline are the last of their baronial household because merely one of the Usher’s household members survives in each coevals. †¦the root of the Usher race. all clip honered as it was. had put away. at no period. any abiding subdivision ; in other words. that the full household ballad in the direct line of descent. ( Poe ) .Making the characters baronial is merely Poe lodging to the guidelines of Aristotle that a calamity must be about characters of aristocracy. What Poe truly wanted to convey is that everybody ( even baronial work forces ) can fall merely like the Usher’s. D. H. Lawrence meanwhile has explained absolutely what Poe is seeking to convey in his changeless usage of vaults as symbols. All this belowground vault concern in Poe merely symbolizes that which tales topographic point beneath the consciousness. ( Lawrence. ch. 6 ) .This meant that the act of burying Fortunato and Medeline alive by Montresor in The Cask of Amontillado and Roderick Usher in The Fall of the House of Usher severally is. on the surface. merely talked approximately lightly but beneath lies the homicidal purpose of the characters with changing motives. Montresor buried Fortunato alive to revenge whatever abuse he has done to him while Roderick Usher may hold allowed his sister to remain buried alive despite hearing her shrieks out of love because he does non desire her anymore to endure.Plants Cited Poe. Edgar Allan. The Fall of the House of Usher. Bartleby. com. 28 April 2009. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bartleby. com/195/10. hypertext markup language gt ; Poe. Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. Literature. org. 28 April 2009. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. literature. org/authors/poe-edgar-allan/amontillado. hypertext markup language gt ; Lawrence. D. H. Studies in Authoritative American Literature: Chapter 6 Edgar Allan Poe. 28 April 2009. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //xroads. Virginia. edu/~HYPER/LAWRENCE/dhlch06. htm gt ;

The Evolution of Insects From Prehistory Onward

The Evolution of Insects From Prehistory Onward Goliath beetles and sphinx moths would be described as large by just about anyone living today, but some prehistoric insects would dwarf these evolutionary descendants. During the Paleozoic era, the Earth teemed with giant insects, from dragonflies with wingspans measured in feet, to mayflies nearly 18 inches in breadth. While over a million insect species live today, truly giant insects no longer exist. Why did giant insects live in prehistoric times, but disappear from the Earth over time? When Were Insects the Biggest? The Paleozoic era occurred 542 to 250 million years ago. It is divided into six periods of time and the last two saw the development of the largest insects. These were known as the Carboniferous period (360 to 300 million years ago) and the Permian period (300 to 250 million years ago). Atmospheric oxygen is the single most limiting factor on insect size. During the Carboniferous and Permian periods, atmospheric oxygen concentrations were significantly higher than they are today. Prehistoric insects breathed air that was 31 to 35 percent oxygen, as compared to just 21 percent oxygen in the air youre breathing right now.   The largest insects lived during the Carboniferous period. It was the time of the dragonfly with over a two-foot wingspan and a millipede that could reach ten feet. As conditions changed in the Permian period, the bugs diminished in size. Yet, this period did have its share of giant cockroaches and other insects we would certainly classify as giants. How Did the Bugs Get So Big? The cells in your body get the oxygen they need to survive via your circulatory system. Oxygen is carried by the blood through your arteries and capillaries  to each and every cell in your body. In insects, on the other hand, respiration occurs by simple diffusion through the cell walls. Insects take in atmospheric oxygen through spiracles, openings in the cuticle through which gasses enter and exit the body. Oxygen molecules travel via the tracheal system. Each tracheal tube ends with a tracheole, where the oxygen dissolves into the tracheole fluid. The O2 then diffuses into the cells. When oxygen levels were higher as in the prehistoric era of giant insects this diffusion-limited respiratory system could supply sufficient oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of a larger insect. Oxygen could reach cells deep within the insects body, even when that insect measured several feet long. As atmospheric oxygen decreased over evolutionary time, these innermost cells could not be adequately supplied with oxygen. Smaller insects were better equipped to function in a hypoxic environment. And so, insects evolved into smaller versions of their prehistoric ancestors. The Biggest Insect That Ever Lived The current record holder for the largest insect that ever lived is an ancient griffenfly.  Meganeuropsis permiana  measured an impressive 71 cm from wing tip to wing tip, a full 28-inch wing span. This giant invertebrate predator inhabited what is now the central U.S. during the Permian period. Fossils of the species were discovered in Elmo, Kansas and Midco, Oklahoma. In some references, it is called  Meganeuropsis americana. Meganeuropsis permiana  is one of the prehistoric insects referred to as giant dragonflies. David Grimaldi, in his hefty volume  Evolution of the Insects, notes this is a misnomer. Modern day odonates are only distantly related to the giants known as prodonata. Other Giant, Ancient Arthropods An ancient sea scorpion,  Jaekelopterus rhenaniae, grew to 8 feet in length. Imagine a scorpion bigger than man! In 2007, Markus Poschmann unearthed a fossilized claw from this massive specimen in a German quarry. The claw measured 46 centimeters, and from this measurement, scientists were able to extrapolate the size of the prehistoric eurypterid (sea scorpion).  Jaekelopterus rhenaniae  lived between 460 and 255 million years ago. A millipede-like creature known as an  Arthropleura  reached equally impressive sizes.  Arthropleura  measured as long as 6 feet, and 18 inches wide. While paleontologists have yet to find a complete fossil of  Arthropluera, trace fossils found in Nova Scotia, Scotland, and the United States suggest the ancient millipede would rival an adult human being in size. Which Living Insects Are the Biggest? With well over one million insect species on Earth, the title of Biggest Living Insect would be an extraordinary achievement for any bug. Before we can confer such an award to a single insect, however, we need to determine how we measure bigness. What makes a bug big? Is it sheer bulk that defines a creature as large? Or something we measure with a ruler or tape measure, determined by centimeters? In truth, which insect wins the title depends on how you measure an insect, and who you ask. Measure an insect from the front of the head to the tip of the abdomen, and you can determine its body length. That might be one way to choose the biggest living insect. If thats your criteria, your newest world champion was crowned in 2008, when entomologists discovered a new stick insect species in Borneo. Chans megastick,  Phobaeticus chain, measures a full 14 inches from head to abdomen, and a full 22 inches if you stretch the tape measure to include its extended legs. Stick insects dominate the competition in the longest insect category. Prior to the discovery of Chans megastick, another walkingstick,  Pharnacia serratipes, held the title. For many insects, its wings spread far wider than the size of its body. Would wing span be a good measure of an insects size? If so, youre looking for a champion among the  Lepidoptera. Of all the living insects, butterflies and moths have the largest wing spans. The Queen Alexandras birdwing,  Ornithoptera alexandrae, first earned the title of the worlds largest butterfly in 1906, and in over a century, no larger butterfly has been discovered. This rare species, which lives only in a small area of Papua New Guinea, can measure over 25 cm from wing tip to wing tip. While thats impressive, a moth would hold the biggest living insect title if wing span was the sole criteria. The white witch moth,  Thysania agrippina, outstretches any other Lepidoptera with a wing span of up to 28 cm (or 11 inches). If youre looking for a bulky bug to anoint as the biggest living insect, look to the  Coleoptera. Among the  beetles, youll find several species with a body mass that is the stuff of science fiction movies. Giant  scarabs  are known for their impressive size, and among this group, four species remain deadlocked in the competition for biggest:  Goliathus goliatus,  Goliathus regius,  Megasoma actaeon, and  Megasoma elephas. A lone cerambycid, the aptly named  Titanus giganteus, is equally massive. According to the Book of Insect Records, researched and compiled by the University of Florida, there is no credible way to break the  tie between these five species  for the title of bulkiest bug. Finally, theres one last way to think of bigness when it comes to insects – weight. We could put insects on a scale, one by one, and determine which is biggest by grams alone. In that case, theres a clear winner. The giant weta,  Deinacrida heteracantha, hails from New Zealand. An individual of this species weighed in at 71 grams, though its important to note the female specimen was carrying a full load of eggs at the time she stepped on the scale. So which of these insects should be called the biggest living insect? It all depends on how you define big. Sources University of Bristol (2007, November 21). Giant Fossil Sea Scorpion Bigger Than Man. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 22, 2011, from  ScienceDaily.Sues, Hans-Dieter (2011, January 15).  Largest Land-Dwelling Bug of All Time. National Geographic News Watch. Retrieved March 22, 2011.Evolution of the Insects, by David Grimaldi.Dudley, Robert. (1998). Atmospheric Oxygen, Giant Paleozoic Insects and the Evolution of Aerial Locomotor Performance. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 1043–1050.Dudley, Robert. (2000). The Evolutionary Physiology of Animal Flight: Paleobiological and Present Perspectives. Annual Review of Physiology, 62, 135–55.

Science, Health, and Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science, Health, and Wellness - Essay Example From the arguments set forth by Lisa Katic, it is evident that the GMA does not claim any responsibility for the prevailing obesity epidemic. To the contrary, she asserts that the GMA is going out of its way to promote healthy lifestyles among its consumers. The GMA believes that restricting access to unhealthy foods not only interferes with consumer’s choice but is also difficult to implement. For example, no food item is unhealthy per se; the quantity consumed, the frequency with which it is consumed and the pre-existing health condition of the consumer are all factors that determine if a particular food item is healthy or not. Hence, the GMA believes that blankly labeling foods as unhealthy does not make sense. A better approach to tackling obesity and overweight, the GMA believes, is through educating the consumer about what comprises a balanced and optimal diet, and letting the consumer make the choice themselves. This way the burden of responsibility will be on the consumer as it rightly should be. After reading through the GMA’s argument in its entirety, one can easily see that their actions in terms of manufacture and marketing of food products are ethically sound. It would be hasty to judge them as responsible for the widespread obesity problem that exists. But to the GMA’s credit, and as a mark of their concern for their consumers’ health, its allied institution the American Council for Fitness and Nutrition (ACFN) has come up with several innovative programs. These include Vermont Fit and Healthy Kids Initiative, The Carol M. White Physical Education for Progress, The 5-a-Day Better Health Program, Kidnetic.com, America on the Move, etc. When seen in the contex t of this plethora of initiatives Lisa Katic’s testimony to the Vermont House Committee is definitely a step forward in tackling

Unit 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 1 - Coursework Example In addition to this, the article gives a thorough analysis of the noteworthy characteristic of Manet’s painting in relation to the Impressionist movement. After a brief discussion on modern movement, the article discusses Manet’s development of art. Q3. Mallarmà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s next point is that the Manet’s art of 1860 has an encyclopedic nature, which is a crucial step in shaping of an individual’s style. This point was different from Zola’s critic interpretation because he thought the the early borrowing from older work was more significant in Manet’s development, whereas Zola understated this point. Q4. Mallarmà © closes his essay on a refreshing platform and show personal attachment to the ideals of novel art. According to Harris, the question which cannot be left unattended is that how far Mallarmà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s account of Manet’s method and aim is well-grounded. Q8. The second article is significant, because it highlight the detail scrutiny of Manet’s painting, the changes that had been brought forward in art and its role in evolution of French modern painting. The second article is more emphasized than the first one. Q9. The study of Mallarmà © had been based upon the evidence of the article â€Å"Le jury de peinture pour†. According to Harris, this essay in an elementary form describes Mallarmà © defense of Manet’s work. Q2. According to Carven, the situation was ironic because, Turner paintings, according to the witness were extraordinary and focuses on techniques rather than subject, whereas Whistler’s painting were of the same nature, but was criticized to be unfinished. Q3. In a volume Ruskin stated that three strokes of Raphael was better than the finished painting of Dolci and other example is that Leonardo’s landscape received applause because it was under finished and Canaletto’s work was harshly judged because it was over finished. Q2. Aesthetic

Desperation By Stephen King :: essays research papers

Desperation, a recent Stephen King novel, is not just a book, but an experience that leaves the reader frightened, paranoid, and questioning his moral beliefs. Picture, if you will, a lone, crazed Nevada policeman who pulls over vehicles on a lonely desert highway and forcefully takes away their occupants. Whichever of them he doesn’t kill immediately, he locks up in the jail of the small desolate town of Desperation. Among those captured are the vacationing Carver family, whose RV is sabotaged on its way to Arizona. Already incarcerated is Tom Billingsley, a once well-known member of the now slaughtered community of Desperation. They are soon joined by formerly famous, currently old and overweight writer, Johnny Marinville, who is riding across the country on his Harley-Davidson gathering material for a book of short stories. How to escape Desperation isn’t the only unanswered question, though. How could and why would one man single-handedly murder the population of an entire town? How does he have such control over the minds of the animals? Why are they locked up when he could have killed them like every one else? Whatever it is that possesses the body of officer Collie Entraigan can’t last forever, though. After several days his body is falling apart at the seams, and he is bleeding from every orifice. Weirder yet, he is growing several inches a day and is bound to burst soon. Will he? Or are the occupants of the local Desperation jail just backup bodies that the possessor will use when it wears out its current one? If so then what is it? More importantly, who’s next?An intriguing aspect of this book is that there is no real protagonist. King leaves the reader in constant suspense. Frequently changing views, the story follows one character or group of characters for one chapter and then in the next chapter, follows another, often intertwining the time sequences. The overlapping action is interrupted only by flashbacks that allow the reader to sympathize with a particular character’s actions or feelings. These flashbacks are so intricate that it is difficult to believe they are fictional at all. They go into such detail of the life-altering experiences of everyone involved that the reader gets a sixth sense as to how the characters will react to certain situations. Telling the story in this manner allows the reader to see why every character acts the way that he does.

Negative Self-Image

Negative Self-Image: Orientation Reading in Frankincense by Mary Shelley Frankincense is one of popular science-fiction in the early 19th century. A novel written by Mary Shelley , she is started writing the story when she was eighteen, and the novel was published when she was twenty-one. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823. A novel is about Victor Frankincense who try his an unusual scientific experiment.From his experiment, making a gigantic creature that shortly afterwards he fears and he hates. Because of the appearance of this being is scary so then Frankincense's monster become rejected by Frankincense his self and the people. When the monster travel to find a place and people that can accept him the way he is. I read this story especially on Frankincense's monster perspective, I saw there is subjective view on East on characters Sane and her father (Arabian). So I'll choose to an alyze it by Postcolonial approach: Orientation.According to Tyson, as a domain within literary studies, post-colonial criticism is both a subject matter as theoretical framework. Tyson, pig 418) So that main assumptions of postcolonial theory is offering an order to analyze and understand more deeply about the oppression of human beings the same with other theories such as feminism, Marxism. The studies was marked by appearance of the book Orientation by Edward Said in 1978. Orientation by Edward Said is a canonical text of cultural studies in which he has challenged the concept of orientation or the difference between east and west. Khalid's 2011, www. Renaissance. Com) Said argues that Orientation can be found in current Western depictions of â€Å"Arab† cultures as irrational, menacing, untrustworthy, dishonest, anti-Western and most importantly prototypical. Orientals discourse discuss and criticize that East is something more inferior than West. The West spread their ide ology about East widely through media, discipline, law, technology, and so on to show that they are superior that the East. European (colonizer) teach continuously their cultural value to the colonized people that they considers colonized people have no culture.In addition, there also in some literature is often concerned with colonization and imperialism. â€Å"Orientation rescaling texts which, while their form, content, aims, genre, and disciplining origins may be widely divergent, still work with negative, stereotyped or unexamined†. (Child's and Williams â€Å"post-colonial theory', pig 115) In Shelley Frankincense, although she offend the East in briefly period through character Sane and her father. I think it can be caused large influence for the reader when realize about Eastern culture is so primitive and cruel.Sane describe as a passive Arabian women, who clearly dependent on her religion and the culture of her nation. In the â€Å"third-world†, feminist ide ology is shown less to the woman because hat is subordinated by patriarchal system which is ingrained in their culture and power in their country. Can be seen the difference between sane and European community, when she was involved in much pressure from patriarchal system ( her father ) and system in her society ( Arab ). But Cane's action show that she does not like her family tradition and religion of her time.Political, cultural, and Arabian religion shaping her mind increasingly to pay attention to the domestic ideology of the European. When the monster tell the story about Cane's mother is a Christian Arab who were taken as a slave by the Turkish because of her beautiful Cane's father marry her. She teach Sane about kindness of being Christianity and forbid Sane to follow Muhammad thought. We can see in this sentence â€Å"She instructed her daughter in the tenets of her religion, and taught her to aspire to higher powers of intellect, and an independence of spirit, forbidden to the female to followers of Mohamed. Page 127) My opinion about this statement is clearly viewed that negative image or a stereotyped of Muhammad thought as primitive teaching and many oppression to the woman. Cane's love to Felix is also a symbol that Safe already has been in love to another culture and religion. We can see in Frankincense page 127 â€Å"The prospect of marrying Christian and remaining in a country where women are allowed to take a rank in society, was enchanting her†. This is the implication of cultural colonization which is the colonizer thought about colonized has not the high uncivilized like them.And also, Cane's father described as a cruel Arabian man through his action that are untrustworthy, dishonest, and anti-Western. Associated with the opinion of Said † One would find kind of procedure less objectionable as a lattice propaganda which is what it is, of course were it not accompanied by sermons on the objectivity, the fairness, the imparti ality of real historian, the implication always being that Muslims and Arabs cannot be objective but that Orientations†¦ â€Å".In Monster's perspective, Cane's father become the cause of the ruin of De Lackey's family life. There also subjective view about Turkish man that they are bad people. (chapter 14) Begin from Felix is falling in love with Sane, and her father was caged because of his fault to the France government. Then Felix come to save ether of Safe in order to marry Sane, because Cane's father already promise to Felix to married off Sane and Felix. But actually father of Sane does not allow that his daughter live together with Felix.So that when Felix save his life, he make a plan to take his daughter to come back to their native country. We can see in â€Å"The Turks allowed this intimacy to take place and encouraged the hopes of the youthful lovers he loathed the idea that his daughter should be united to a Christian; if he should choose to betray him to the It alian state which they inhabited. (Frankincense, g 128) The monster, it's self also a symbol of colonized people. Said explains â€Å"how the science of the orientation developed and how the Orientals started considering the Orientals as non-human beings. ( Khalid's,2011. Winnipesaukee. Com ) I think when the monster is rejected from Victor and other people (colonizer) because his scary body and face, different from other (colonized), it's implied colonizer refuse that non-western include into human beings. At first, the monster born with no education and culture, I also think that it is the gap that was created, which is the colonized ere barbarians who had no civilization, does not have system of government, religion, and customs.Thus the monster studying language from France family, and also reading book from white people, this is the implied meaning of colonizer had high civilization. A brief conclusion, Orientals were come in 19th by Edward Said, and he also argues that Orient ation is a critics to reject the long tradition about the Western is more superior than the Eastern. In Frankincense written by Mary Shelley, there some Orientals issues that appear in, the â€Å"concept of tethering† and negative elf-image of the Western way of thinking about Eastern which put Eastern as an object.

12 Angry Men Movie Review - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1354 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: 12 Angry Men Essay Film Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Sixty-one years have passed since the debut of Twelve Angry Men and yet this black and white film still captures audiences attention to this day. The American court system has developed around the key belief that an individual is innocent until proven guilty. It is far worse to convict an innocent person than let a guilty one go. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "12 Angry Men Movie Review" essay for you Create order The trial of the young man isnt portrayed within the film; rather the details of the crime and trial are slowly revealed as the story unfolds. It is the responsibility of the jury to determine, based on the evidence provided in court, if an individual is guilty of the crime committed. The verdict of the jury must be unanimous. If the young man is found guilty, he will be charged with premeditated first-degree murder and will be sentenced to the electric chair. The intense debate within the jury about the guilt or innocence of this young man forces the audience to reflect on the psychological elements of stereotypes, belief bias, memory, belief perseverance, and groupthink, and how they play a role in the attitudes and interactions of the jurors. The film portrays a variety of prejudices and stereotypes, which play a significant role in the debate, and sense of justice within the jury. A stereotype is an over generalized assumption about a particular group or person. Some of the Jurors preconceived notions are so embedded into their own opinions that they make illogical conclusions to uphold them. They hold a powerful grip over the debate in the group because of their overconfidence. One man in particular, Juror 10, stands out throughout the film because of his apparent prejudice towards the accused, or kid as the group calls them. It is the background that sets the kid apart and juror ten exclaims, And lemme tell ya: they dont need any real big reason to kill someone, either!Were This kid on trial here his type, well, dont you know about them? Theres a, theres a danger here. These people are dangerous. Theyre wild. Listen to me. Listen!(__site pls!____) His prejudice is based on the belief that poverty or status of an indivi dual also determines their moral compass. The perspective of the camera helps create an atmosphere of pressure so that the audience feels like they are within the room, part of the group, and can feel the impact of the outburst. This outburst has a direct consequence as most of the men leave the table and turn their backs to juror ten. This body language has a profound effect on the juror. He doesnt express remorse but stays silent and separate from that moment on. Its the conviction of the man in the white suit portrayed by Henry Fonda who reshapes the outcome of the entire film. Despite the pressure upon him he resists conformity and prevents social loafing by remaining firm in his belief, this man deserves a fair trial and I wont put a man to death without examining the facts. The group goes from majority believing that the accused is completely guilty to all twelve voting not guilty due to reasonable doubt. This initial perspective is due to each of the juror creating shallow ar guments rooted in prejudice or stereotypes to support their ideas. Memory is another element that plays a key role in the behaviors of the jurors throughout the film. Memory in this film grows in an organic way because the group added their memories of the trial together. This collective memory is stronger than the individuals because it changed the group perspective of the trial. An example of this was the evidence found at the crime scene; the lack of fingerprints on the knife indicated the mental state of the killer. The killer must have possessed a clarity and calm mind to have the foresight to wipe away damning evidence. Another example of how the collective memory proved stronger than the individual is the examination of witness testimonies. Both witnesses had gaps in the details of their descriptions of the crime that were not doubted by the any of the individual memories of the jurors (save Juror 8). Collectively however, the Jury was able to analyze the discrepancies between the witness accounts. For instance, Juror 8 suggests that the old man couldnt have heard the murder happen if the woman saw it through the window of a loud, passing train. Some of the other jurors support this detail with stories of their own experience with loud trains, and Juror 9 even proposes that the old man convinced himself he heard the murder take place simply because he wanted to feel important. Together, the group gained new perspectives about the witnesses and the details of the case, which led them to conclude that there was reasonable doubt due to lack of details. Memory changed the way the discussion flowed even when emotions ran high. Recalling specific evidence gave the men fresh insight. This changed the attitudes about the way the defense was presented based on specific recollections individuals provided. The audiences perspective on the conversations gains them insight in the deeper traits of each character including key beliefs, personal backgrounds and unconscious motives. Within this film the intensity of all the arguments, debates and the conclusion of the trial centers on finding truth. Some of the characters beliefs evolve and others remain unshakeable through the timeline of the film. Belief perseverance refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted. The belief of innocence or guilt of the accused swayed back and forth during the film with nearly all the characters but, none so much as the third juror. His persistent belief that the young man was guilty despite the over whelming evidence contrasting what he holds to be true. The third juror couldnt shift his attitude or perspective until the very end in a climatic soliloquy in which he finally understands the full scope of his own belief. The implications and bac kground behind the implicit prejudice, was a projection of this mans own history. He had a subconscious prejudice against the accused boy due to the history of his own estranged son. At the end, the third juror understands that the motive behind his belief is his projection of his own son unto the young man accused of murder. At that moment, the truth weighs heavily upon him and he collapses unto a chair declaring, not guilty between sobs. The groupthink theory in psychology is the pressure to conform; unwavering beliefs, the desire for unification, and strength of leadership override individualism, free will, and even rational thought. Groupthink is clearly illustrated in the very first vote of the film, as some of the jurors hesitantly look around before raising their own hands for a guilty verdict. The confidence of the more vocal jurors with statements like its an open and shut case, dominate the initial group dynamic, and persuade the more timid jurors to fall in line. Discussion from the beginning only serves to uphold one belief. This action prevented the group of men to pass judgment without considering the ethics behind their actions. As Juror 2 puts it I cant really explain it, I just think hes guilty is all. The audience gets to see the change within the group as Juror 8 advocates for a new approach to the problem. The man in the white suit played by Henry Fonda prevents groupthink by challenging the dominan t belief in the room at that time. A practical and logical heuristic approach to problem solving gained Fonda allies within the group, which turned the debate and outcome of the film. Independent thinking; skepticism and dissatisfaction of the trial prevented the jury from immediately falling in conformity. Conclusion Knowledge about people, interactions of society and behavior something about how the knowledge of psychology is a valuable tool for the future no matter who you choose to be. This knowledge can guide through life and the movies also serves a warning to those who pay attention, conformity is a dangerous act being deviant from mob mentality prevents evil.