The Influence Of Media On Societal Behavior - 1761 Words

Ellen Jo Marrero Mrs. Murphy Period 5 English 11 December 2015 The Influence of Media on Societal Behavior Introduction It has become common for the modern day society to rely on different sources for their news. Because of the internet and other technological devices that have developed over the years, our access to the news have greatly increased. However, along with this comes the familiar issue of media distortion. In the beginning of the year, I decided to study the power of media in depth—specifically media bias and its influence on public opinion on current events. I chose the media as my subject not only because it affects all aspects of our lives, but also because many people can identify themselves with it, like me. Eventually, I realized that I did not want to limit my research solely on bias in the media, so I decided to also focus on influence on the public as well. Throughout my research, I analyzed diverse but relevant articles in order to better my understanding the effect of the media. In recent discussions about the role of media in society, a controversial issue has been whether the extent of media influence has been exaggerated or not. On one hand, some argue that bias in the media is not as prevalent as it looks today. Factors such â€Å"increased access to technology† and different news outlets, as well as the â€Å"rising popularity of watchdog groups† such as AIM and FAIR, have lead people to have the impression that bias is pervasive throughout allShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social media is a variety of platforms provided to the public as a medium for expression and communication. Seemingly, social media could be viewed as a positive contribution to society, but one must consider the underlying effects of society. Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individualsRead MoreEssay On Masculinity972 Words   |  4 Pageson masculinity, along with behavior and how that behavior is being influenced by the environment. The article focuses on factors such as peer exclusion, the prevalence of violence in the media and most importantly, violence in relation to gender. . In relation to gender, masculinity plays a crucial role in shaping ego and self-esteem. While answering the question â€Å"how does violence relate to masculinity?† it is important that we examine the pressures of both societal and cultural norms. To do soRead MoreSocial Medi The Power Of Context By Malcolm Gladwell1665 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Contents Go Viral In the 21st Century The development of social media (television shows, Facebook and video games) has increased tremendously in the 21st century, and its influence in daily lives has also affected young teenagers and their parents’ contemplation about violence. In the past, the function of social media was to discover hidden events and tell parents the right way to raise and educate their kids. However, in the 21st century, young teenagers can see violence on television showsRead MoreDeviance And Its Effect On Society1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America, societal deviance changes nearly on a daily basis. Depending on the current culture, deviance is modified to make societal heroes like celebrities, political figures, and sport players look less deviant and more like role models for the public. The change in what is considered â€Å"normal† is customarily a result of society in general. By using a reference group of people, individuals tend to identify with those who a re in the lime light. Then when that role model doesRead MoreHunger Games Sociology Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagessciences. The symbolism and plot of The Hunger Games are prime examples of Sociology because they display different societal rules and norms, the struggle for power, and the importance of the media. Although The Hunger Games is set in the future, societal norms, rules and views still exist just as they do in today’s society. Macrosociology studies the wide perspective of such social behaviors , clearly exhibited in Collins’ novel. For example, Gerontology is the study of growing older in society, whichRead MoreEssay on Is Media Violence At Fault For Societal Violence?1604 Words   |  7 Pageslinks between media and societal violence are only to be assumptions of the public. For one thing there are many other contributors to violence; so, how is anyone really sure that media is at greater fault. Media violence these days is really just a replica to societys everyday life. Without such activity taken in real life there would be no ideas for music, movies, television, basically nothing for the news crew to talk about. So the real question would have to be, is societal violence a contributorRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pages of Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media suchRead MoreHow Heteronormativity And Media Stereotypes On Queer People Express Their Sexualities1655 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HOW HETERONORMATIVITY AND MEDIA STEREOTYPES IN SOCIETY INFLUENCES HOW QUEER PEOPLE EXPRESS THEIR SEXUALITIES How heteronormativity and media stereotypes influences how queer people express their sexualities Vanessa Gomes Ryerson University â€Å"Who is the man in the relationship?† â€Å"Who tops or bottoms?† These questions have become a fundamental part in queer people’s lives. Why do non queer people need for queer people and their relationships to imitate heternormativeRead MoreAdvertising and Promotion1003 Words   |  5 Pagessigns and word of mouth from town criers to promote their product to the people. Today we still use word of mouth of radio and TV personalities along with more advanced forms of media to communicate with the public. Societal values are both created and reflected through advertising. I think advertising reflects on societal values more than creating them. Most advertising appeals to emotions, specifically the emotional need for love and belonging, prestige and self-esteem. Advertisers of clothingRead MoreGendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual1721 Words   |  7 PagesGendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual It has long been generally accepted that we as humans are influenced greatly by the things that surround our everyday lives. These things can include friends, family, co-workers, the media and even society as a whole. The society in which people live can play a huge role in how they view themselves and how they view others. Over the years researchers have come up with many theories as to how and why society has

Immanuel Kant A Philosopher Who Influenced Society

One of the philosophers that impact society is Immanuel Kant; he was a philosopher in the 18th century. Immanuel Kant was born in April 22, 1724 in Kingdom of Prussia, German and died on February 12, 1804 at age 79. Philosopher Immanuel Kant composed different point of views to courage that we understand the world better. Kant is trying to tell us that there are many things that evolve around this world and that every little single element that we do makes the world what it is. Kant is well known for his work in the philosophy of ethics and metaphysics; also, he made an important astronomical discovery on the nature of Earths rotation. Kant exceeded both values of his time, Rationalism and Empiricism. We believe his work did a†¦show more content†¦To do something truly without receiving when giving, that is called respect to the moral law. Nevertheless, his philosophy was that for an act to be moral the act must be done out of one’s moods that it is one’s dut y, no matter what the result. If for even one second you think about how the act could benefit you or act because of a joy or happiness that you get for it, and then the action is considered immoral. This is where I see an error in his theory. For example, if I was at the store and the very attractive clerk gave me change for a twenty instead of a ten, and first I realized it was my moral obligation to give her money back, (decision made) and my second thought was that my honesty may help me carry on a meaningful conversation with her which may lead to more, then my â€Å"duty† by giving her money back was immoral because I took in consideration my own well-being; even though if she was 70 years old and fat I would have still given her change back just as quickly as I did with the attractive clerk. Another of Kant works is the theory of Law. It’s helpful to justify the concept that Kant stated that â€Å"a good will is essentially good; its value is wholly self-contai ned and utterly independent of its external relations.† Since it’s appropriate to the development and guidance of a good will than the values and morals of the person view will be acceptable. In his view of morality, self-interest and dutyShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy Is The Idea Of Knowing One s Mind By Asking The Simplest Question1494 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding the fundamental truths about; themselves, the world, and relationships both personal and public. Philosophers like Plato believed that our ideas influence the way we live, and therefore offered a simple yet practical approach to wisdom. As over time, philosophers have sought answers to life’s imperative questions: what is right and wrong? what is the meaning and purpose of life? who are we? who am I? how can I be truly happy? what does true happiness look like? what is suffering? does God existRead MoreThe Most Influential Thinkers Of The German Enlightenment Era1119 Words   |  5 PagesImmanue l Kant was born April 22, 1724 in Kà ¶nigsberg. Kant is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the German Enlightenment era. He could easily be labeled one of the greatest and most important Western philosophers of all time. Kant was born the fourth of nine children to Johann and Anna Kant. His father was a harness maker, and the large family lived a rather humble life. The family practiced Pietism, an 18th-century branch of the Lutheran Church. As a result of this, Kant’s earlyRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the attempt at answering or understanding the questions that the being who is philosophizing yearns to know or wishes to understand. The importance of what the philosopher wishes to know or understand is not a determinate factor in what it means to do philosophy. The act of doing philosophy is not defined by the subject of examination but by the driving passion of knowing and understanding. This means that an individual that wishes to know why a laptop is a laptop or why is it thatRead MoreThe Goals And Ideas Of The Transcendentalist Philosophers916 Words   |  4 Pagesago, you asked me to inform you on the goals and ideas of the t ranscendentalist philosophers. After some heavy research on the topic, I am ready to inform you to the finest of my abilities. How about we start with a little background and history? Sounds good? Great! First, transcendentalism is a movement that started in the early to mid-nineteenth century. According to definitions online, a transcendentalist Philosopher is a person that accepts ideas as a way of understanding life relationships ratherRead MoreTheories Of Morality And Ideas Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pages The five philosophers we studied in this course all have different understandings of what our purpose in life is and the different ways to obtain it. After studying the various theories, my own moral worldview has changed and grown since the start of this course. The philosopher that impacted me the most is Immanuel Kant, a philosopher from the sixteenth century Enlightenment era who believed that human reasoning should guide actions and that our rationality can build a better society. Kant’s philosophyRead MoreThe Appraisal Of Moral Worth : Kant Versus Nagel1253 Words   |  6 PagesAppraisal of Moral Worth: Kant Versus Nagel Since the moment we were born, our minds have been absorbing information and relaying that information into choices that subsequently dictate our life. Out of these choices, we face the dilemma of personal gain versus morality. It is in the best interests of all humanity that each individual shares similar values, such as trust, compassion, loyalty, and a desire for communal progress. When individuals share such values, it allows a society to build upon theRead MoreThe Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1725 Words   |  7 Pageshave been widely debated by philosophers and social reformers. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. Utilitarianism is one of these many moral theories. Upon further analysis, problems with utilitarian thoughts are revealed. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Moore and Immanuel Kant. Like these two p hilosophers, I argue that utilitarianismRead MoreConcepts Of The Person : Subjectivity, Identity, And Personhood1836 Words   |  8 PagesPerson: Subjectivity, Identity, and Personhood Professor: Oli Stephano Immanuel Kant, â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† Amy Abdelrazeq and Michael Barzach â€Æ' Class Presentation Response to â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† by Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher known as the central figure of modern philosophy, was born on April 22, 1724. Philosophers such as Rene Descartes, David Hume, Aristotle, and Plato influenced Kant. Kant was interested in concepts such as what makes a decision moral vs. immoralRead MoreKant s Views On The Enlightenment And Modernity923 Words   |  4 PagesThe thinkers I have chosen to answer this essay question are J.J. Rousseau and I. Kant. Both thinkers agreed that the Enlightenment would change society as they knew it, that it would allow the human being to develop, both individually and socially. I will consider both thinker’s attitudes as regards to the Enlightenment and Modernity, the individual, and finally to the individual’s responsibility in helping humanity progress towards a peaceful international community. The Enlightenment is the socialRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy On Philosophy844 Words   |  4 PagesPeople were lost. They did not know where and what to follow. Therefore, many philosophers came up with ideas to convince people to live  ¨better ¨. Rationalism related with the overview of mathematical approaches into philosophy during the period by the major rationalist figures such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza developed people ´s way of thinking in many different ways. Rationalism is perspective which engages the rational and deductive reason, an opposite structure from personal experience or

Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game Free Essays

The recent story in the NFL is helmet to helmet hits on defenseless player. The league committees are trying to make the league safer for the player to reduce injuries. The NFL Commissioner is not doing a good job protecting the players because concussion and major head damage keep happening. We will write a custom essay sample on Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Commissioners idea is to penalize by a 15 yards penalty on the field against their team, but also charged significant fines toward the player who commit the penalty. (Benavent) By fining the players the league is changing the speed of the game, the hard hitting and the fun of game. NFL Commissioner Robert Goodell stated: Strategy, strength and speed are what make the game great. We don’t want to take physical contact out of the game. But we must ensure that players follow rules designed to reduce the risk of injury. Enforcing rules on illegal hits to the head with fines and suspensions has changed tackling for the better. Players and coaches have adjusted. They always do. We now see fewer dangerous hits to the head and noticeable changes in the way the game is being played. That’s true the league is safe but fining player is not going to fix the problem. The fact is that when you are tackling you are using your head which is a fundamental football. A tackle is when a player using a great amount of force to bring a ball carrier down. Further, it’s when a defender at lower leverage and strikes a ball carrier with his head across the ball carrier body with his arms wraped around him bring him down. Let’s say that the ball carrier does the same thing lowering his head trying to avoid the hit and now the defender is call for helmet to helmet hit. In the act helmets would hit together. It’s not unavoidable and certainly not intentional. I think that the NFL commissioner wants to encourage players to hit low toward the knees where the ball carrier has no protection. The result will in tearing ACL’s and other ligaments that end players’ season and possibly careers. During this season there would be a lot of flags thrown during the game causing the game to be longer. But that’s not the main idea it is how to determine which violent hit is considered a penalty and a fine. Some of the violent hits are not called and some hits are called. The league needs to figure out which are and which are not. Most of the time these hard helmet hits happen when a receiver goes across the middle and a defender is attempting to stop the receiver from catching the ball. To clarify: Forcibly hitting the defenseless player’s head or neck area with the helmet, facemask, forearm, or shoulder, regardless of whether the defensive player also use his arms to tackle the defenseless player by encircling or grasping him; and lowering the head and making forcible contact with the top, crown or forehead â€Å"hairline† parts of the helmet against any part of the defenseless player’s body. Lapsncaps) There are a lot of conversely between NFL Commissioner Goodell and players because the fact that they have to change their playing style and adjust to the new league safety rules. I think that it’s hard to adjust because football is a violent sport and tackles require force. I understand there trying to protect players, but there inconsistent and making it into a sissy league. Tack ling is part of football. When a defender tackles a ball carrier helmet to helmet hit well happen. It’s not unavoidable and certainly no intentional. This sport is completive each team want a victory however in a situation when it really counts and a receiver attempts to catch the ball the defender would must likely hit the receiver to knocked to ball lose. But if the defender â€Å"forcibly hit the defenseless player’s head or neck area, lowering his head to any part of the defenseless player’s body is a penalty and fined thousands. The NFL wants to stop the concussion and prevent players with long term health problems. How to cite Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game, Essay examples

Negligence Liability of Public Authorities

Question: Discuss about the Negligence Liability of Public Authorities. Answer: Introduction Res Ipsa Loquitur is another term of negligence or carelessness. When any party breaches the duty of care by doing any negligence or careless act, then the innocent party is harmed. Everyone should follow the duty of care honestly. In that case if the harmed party has behaved in negligent way than it does not matter but the person who is guilty can be sued and on the basis of evidence can whether asked penalty or imprisoned. The doctrine says, the negligence is proved itself and the plaintiff does not have to provide any evidence (Blair and Squires, 2006). In the assignment some cases are given and with the help of legal rules the case is described below. As per duty of care, any person during duty should be honest and do it with dignity towards the work without any carelessness but if the rules of duty of care are violated then it can be termed as liability of tort or liability of negligence. In this case, there are three parties, Mercury, Venus and Nimbus. A courier delivery van was needed to be operated and Mercury was recruited by Venus for that. As driving motor vehicle needs training, so Mercury was trained by Venus. A medical checkup was done by a doctor Nimbus and the report stated that, because of drinking habit of Mercury he feels asleep while driving but because of Mercurys request he omitted the information from Venus. An accident was done by Mercury as he felled asleep while driving the van and Pluto was injured by that. In this case the Res Ipsa Loquitur or negligence is done by both Mercury and Nimbus who did his medical checkup (Cameron, 2004). As per English law, both breached the duty of care. It was the duty of the doctor (Nimbus) not to hide the original report of Mercury because, the question arise about a life of a person which depends on a driver who drives vehicle in road. Mercury is equally responsible for breaching duty of care because he was drunk during duty hours which are against English law (Godkin and Markwell, 2003). Not only that but the doctor has done civil wrong which falls under tort. He has intentionally not given the correct report to Venus which is not allowed. This negligence falls under tort liability of UK and Civil Liability act, 2002 of Australia (Cullen, 2002). It is a civil duty of a doctor to provide correct report but Nimbus as violated his civil duty rules and this is liability of tort, breach of duty of care and Res Ipsa Loquitur or negligence (Birks and Pretto, 2002). As per comparative negligence rules, the plaintiff (Pluto) can file lawsuit against Mercury and as Mercury is guilty, so under the doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, for the alleged negligence and causing harm to Mercury he will not be allowed to do counter claim or provide any evidence for his own support and he has to give the charges of damage of the plaintiff (Pluto) (Weissenberger, McFarland and Page, 2001). He has to give the cost of treatment to Pluto. Even, if Pluto wants then he can sue the doctor (Nimbus) to the court because he has breached his civil liability by hiding the reports of Mercurys wrong habit. As per section 3(b) of Civil liability act, the court cancel the license of the doctor or can ask compensation and if Mercury and Nimbus is not capable to give the compensation then they can be imprisoned under English law (Cullen, 2002). As per section 132 of Motor vehicle act 1988 Pluto can claim damages for his accident. If Mercury does not give penalty or compensation to Pluto, then he can be imprisoned for 10 years according to English law (Mukherjee, 2006). Nimbus can be punished under Section 1 of Fraud act of 2006, because he has breached the duty of care and not only that but he has also given wrong medical report to Venus the employer of Mercury. He has hidden his bad habit of drinking and falling asleep at any moment. This is a fraud which he did to save Mercury but other people came in risk because of his wrong support which he did to Mercury. For that reason his medical license can be cancelled if Pluto file law suit against him. Even Venus may be in problem because Mercury was employer under him and the accident took place during duty hours. So he becomes vicarious liable and for that reason damages of Pluto can be charged from him if Mercury is unable to give the compensation for his treatment. Venus is unaware of the bad habit of Mercury but as he is the employer of Mercury, so he is also responsible to check the condition and habits of the employees and for that reason he is vicariously liable and he has to give penalty for the damages of Pluto. If Pluto trusts on the doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, then he can get justice from the court because the case is entirely on his favor and as per doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, the defendant cannot counter claim on the claims of Plaintiff (Personal injury and Civil Liability act, 2011). As per common law of tort, doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, the negligence is inferred in nature of any injury or accident and the evidence of the defendant is over looked as per rul es. The presumption of interference is related to negligence which does not falls under Substantive law but it is mandatory that the Plaintiff (Pluto) should establish Preponderance of Evidence which caused injury to the plaintiff (Pluto). Pluto can also give the circumstantial evidence showing the fault of the defendant (Mercury). Here Nimbus has done Medical Malpractice by giving wrong information to Venus which is crime under the eye of law. Pluto can apply Res Ipsa on this negligence case and he can also apply it on the doctor Nimbus. On these factors the proof can be given to court by Pluto and on that evidence the court can order to give the damages to Pluto and Mercury, Nimbus and Venus is bound to fulfill the order of the court. Claim of negligence The plaintiff (Pluto) can raise various claims because of the injury damages which he has faced because of negligence done by Mercury. Pluto is personally injured, so he can argue to fix his damages by asking medical expenses from mercury and Venus. Economic compensation can be charged by Pluto in this case. As the injury occurred because of negligent action of Mercury, so duty to mitigate damages should be ordered by the court to the defendant. Another thing which Pluto can argue can be on Breach of duty. In this concept Pluto can show the causation of negligences nature of the injury which he has faced and he can claim for medical care and repair of the things which he had with during the accident. If Pluto has got some major injury then he can claim future medical expenses from Venus and Mercury. Even because of the accident, Pluto may also lose the earning capacity which can affect his profession and life, for that reason liability comes on Venus, Mercury and Nimbus. They also ha ve to provide a solution through which Pluto does not face any loss. The wages which Pluto has lost also has to be given by Venus and Mercury because they are responsible for the loss of the money which he faced because he had to take leave from his profession because of the accident. He can also claim punitive damages because of his injury (Schlueter, 2005). Even because of his accident he may have died, so the court can punish Mercury under Motor vehicle act 1988 under section 132. If Mercury and Venus do not give any compensation then as per Motor vehicle act they can be punished. Nimbus also has to give some share of punitive damages to Pluto because he is equally responsible for the loss and damage of Pluto. If he do not pay the damages to Pluto (Plaintiff), then he will be punished under civil liability act for doing civil wrong by breaching the duty of care as a doctor and he can also be imprisoned under section 1 of Fraud act 2006 (Farrell, Ladenburg and Yeo, 2007). As per English law if any tort liability and liability of negligence found then, the court will punish the defendant. As plaintiff is harmed and he is also an innocent party, so in this case his damages should be fulfilled and court has to support him because of his loss. All this are the legal arguments which the plaintiff Pluto can raise in support of claim of negligence. Defense on lawsuit There are two separate categories of defenses: Factual defenses and Legal defenses. The claims are prohibited by some rules in case of Legal defenses. The defense which depends on comparative negligence of mitigating damages is known as Factual defense (Godkin and Markwell, 2003). There are some defenses which Pluto has lawsuit. Those defendants are described below: Venus Venus has hired Mercury in his company for delivering courier through his van. So it is his responsibility that, he should check what kind of employee he is recruiting. He should have checked the previous records of Mercury before appointing him. These are his faults or negligence, so he is vicariously liable for the accident of Pluto. During duty hours Mercury fall asleep because of his drinking habit and for that reason accident occurred. Mercury did the careless or negligible act during duty hours, so Venus is vicariously liable for the accident of Pluto and Pluto can charge punitive damages as per English law (Godkin and Markwell, 2003). If Mercury is financially inefficient to pay the compensation, then he will be imprisoned but as an employer of Mercury, Venus has to pay the damages of Pluto whether it is punitive damage by giving material damage or whether it is claim for medical treatment (Pratt, 2000). If Venus does not give damages to Pluto then, he can claim lawsuit agains t him. The court can cancel the license of the business of Venus because of his vicarious liability (Vicarious liability, 2001). By this way Pluto can prevail law suit against Venus on the consequence of his damage for which Venus is responsible or vicariously liable because Mercury is the defendant and he is only the defendant of Venus. Nimbus Nimbus is the doctor who did medical examination of Mercury and he found that he has bad habit of drinking while driving car and he falls asleep while he is in drunken condition but as Mercury requested the doctor to hide the report, so Nimbus did not provide that report to Venus. For that reason the accident occurred by Mercury. So in this case Nimbus is the main responsible person for the accident of Pluto. Pluto can lawsuit against Nimbus, even Venus can also file complaint against Nimbus for providing wrong report. As per civil law it is a crime which Nimbus did by breaching duty of care intentionally. So Nimbus has to give equal compensation to Pluto otherwise as per Civil liability act he would be imprisoned under law for doing civil wrong or negligence of tort. As he has provided wrong report, so Venus and Pluto both can law suit him under Fraud act 2006 and Medical malpractice. As per these acts his license may be cancelled or he may be imprisoned under law for 10 years (Post -legislative assessment of the Fraud Act 2006, 2012). All these are the defenses which Pluto reasonably can follow against the doctor (Nimbus) (Personal injury and Civil Liability act, 2011). Conclusion This assignment can be concluded by naming the case as pure negligence or case of tort law. Nimbus, Mercury and Venus all are liable for the accident of Pluto. Mercury is the main defendant here who harmed Pluto but Pluto can sue three of them under Res Ipsa Loquitur, where counter claim cannot be done on the plaintiff by the defendant. By this way legally the case can be solved under law and Pluto can get justice under English law (Van den Heever and Carstens, 2011). References Birks, P. and Pretto, A. (2002).Breach of trust. Oxford: Hart Pub. Blair, C. and Squires, D. (2006).The negligence liability of public authorities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cameron, N. (2004).Res ipsa loquitur. 3rd ed. Cullen, I. (2002).Civil Liability Act 2002. Sydney: NSW Young Lawyers. Farrell, S., Ladenburg, G. and Yeo, N. (2007).Blackstone's guide to the Fraud Act 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Godkin, D. and Markwell, H. (2003).The duty to care of healthcare professionals. [Toronto, Ont.]: [Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care]. Mukherjee, T. (2006).Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 with rules and exhaustive commentary on motor accident compensation. Allahabad: Premier Pub. Co. Personal injury and Civil Liability act. (2011). [Kensington, N.S.W.]: University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law, Continuing Legal Education. Post-legislative assessment of the Fraud Act 2006. (2012). London: Stationery Office. Pratt, S. (2000).Duty of care. East Roseville, N.S.W.: Simon Schuster. Schlueter, L. (2005).Punitive damages. Newark, N.J.: LexisNexis. Van den Heever, P. and Carstens, P. (2011).Res ipsa loquitur and medical negligence. Cape Town: Juta. Vicarious liability. (2001). [Brisbane]: The Commission. Weissenberger, G., McFarland, B. and Page, J. (2001).The law of premises liability. Cincinnati: Anderson Pub. Co.

Metamorphoses by Ovid The Character of Phaeton

Aids and the Media essays

Aids and the Media essays AIDS and the Psychological Disorders Caused By Illicit Drug Use and the Media It is pretty easy to understand how people diagnosed with AIDS would be willing to do and/or try anything to help themselves; as well as being more susceptible to not only opportunistic diseases, but also diseases of the mind. The pressures and stress that AIDS patients must face is incomprehensible to those of us who do not face death everyday, waiting for the next illness to take over, waiting to die; their minds must go numb with black thoughts. The media too is at fault for helping to make AIDS sufferers deadened with their hyped up miracle drugs and advertisements of greater life; then the disappointment that comes when the drugs dont do and fix all they say they will. That is so much stress on your brain, your mind, and your physical self. There are so many psychological aspects to the AIDS virus that it is almost impossible to say that victims of it would not be psychologically affected in some way. I have decided to use two different articles in this paper to describe the ways in which AIDS patients are psychologically affected by the media and the pressures of the disease itself. The first article is from The Archives of General Psychiatry called Psychiatric Disorders and Drug Use Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults in the United States. The second is written by Jayson Blair and is called Healthy Skepticism and the Marketing of AIDS. I think that by putting these two articles together we can get a really good idea of how psychologically impaired AIDS patients can become with the of AIDS propaganda put forth by the media in addition to and combined with the use of illegal and illicit drugs. Nearly half of the sample used in the first study screened positive for a psychiatric disorder, 40% reported using an illicit drug other than marijuana, and more than 12% screened positive for drug dependence during the previo...

Understanding Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Religion - Essay Example Religion largely concerns an individual’s faith; whether he or she is a believer or not. Faith is the key pillar of all religions, and it is evident in all religions of the world. Without faith, in the existence of a supreme being or a higher mode of living, there would be no religions to talk about (Van, 2007). Religions all over the world strive to encourage a state of better coexistence between individuals and their environment. The earliest known religions have similarities with today’s religion because they still preach the same principles of living a pure life without sin. However, there exists a difference in how sin is defined, in the different religions of the world. Different religions have different teachings and ideas that are deemed necessary to be able to attain the set goal of religion, which varies depending on the type of an individual’s religious background (Van, 2007). Religion is seen as the greatest unifier for all mankind, and it forges a ve ry strong bond between believers. Traditions of a given community have contributed to the type of religion that develops around them, and the influence it has on their daily lives (Van, 2007). For instance, Asian countries have different religious practices from those of the Western world as evidenced by predominant Buddhism, in Asia, and Christianity, in Western countries. Their religions were entrenched early at the beginning of their cultures and traditions. This made it easier for their type of religious beliefs to be accepted earlier, in the life of each individual as the normal way of life and existence (Van, 2007). Religious scriptures have played a key role in shaping and spreading different religions around the globe. Scriptures are written documents like the Bible or the Quran that the believers of these religions believe contain sacred messages.

Currency Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Currency Exchange - Essay Example Around 1967 the GBP was devalued by 14 per cent, a major economic policy decision. Since then, the Sterling, on average has either depreciated or appreciated by 14 per cent every two years. The figure below shows how the exchange rate between the Sterling and the United States dollar has performed over a 5 year period. Around the mid 2008 shows a sharp drop in the exchange rate from around 2.0 to a low of 1.4. The significant change in the movement is attributed to the financial recession of the 2008. Sterling/US dollar exchange rate over the last one year For the past one year, the Sterling has been weak against the USD making the USD an expensive and valuable asset. This means that the clients needing to buys the currency are paying more and more. The reason for this slide may be due to the steps forward by Europe and the US. For instance the situation in Italy may be the key factor for the change in exchange rates which could go on for the next couple of weeks. Also, with a furthe r round of Quantitative Easing expected in the UK, the Sterling has been losing ground against the USD. Rates have dropped and whilst many expect this trend to continue should QE be confirmed, this in my view is being priced by the investors. Notably, the pound is not only losing ground against the USD but against other major currencies and the recent drop against the Euro and the Australian Dollar are no coincidence. It is floating around 1.50 against the USD and at an all-time low against the AUD. The following figures give the performance of the Sterling against the USD for a the last 12 months, narrowing down to 6 months and 3 months respectively. Key factors affecting the Sterling Being the sixth largest economy in the world and the third largest economy in Europe, the United Kingdom has a lot to boast about. For instance, the United Kingdom is able to produce over 60 per cent of its food with less than 2 per cent of the labour force. The United Kingdom also has numerous resour ces at its disposal, for instance oil, natural gas and coal. However the country was hit hard the financial crisis with growths rates going down to 0.3 per cent in Quarter 1 of 2010 and 0.4 per cent growth in Quarter 4 of 2009. The UK has a capitalist economy that is highly productive with a strong financial services industry. On a global basis the British Sterling Pound is undervalue. For instance, the purchase price parity shows that the Sterling should fall in value over time, but high investment flow potential means the opposite is what will happen, that is the Sterling will increase in value. According the United Kingdom’s Value Investor Survey, which reflects short term investment, the economic environment is very favourable for long term economic growth because of high scores on the government transparency, economic diversity and economic freedom. An undervalued currency, a favourable business environment and a moderate investment flow potential leads to a positive out look for the United Kingdom investments. Factors that have positively affected the British Sterling Pound are lower rates of unemployment and the foreign students. The UK, the US and Australia are the leading centres in attracting foreign students to study in their countries. These students obviously provide many social and monetary benefits that propel the economic activities of the host countries. Some factors that have negatively affected th

Statement of Purpose for UCLA art major Personal

Of Purpose for UCLA art major - Personal Statement Example Since an early age, my parents instilled in me a love for art and a respect for various artistic disciplines. I attended painting and drawing classes every week since 7 years of age until 15 years of age. I came to the U.S. from Taiwan at a young age. I fully credit my parents with having given me the tools to succeed in the art world in the U.S. My parents passed on to me their interest in collecting paintings of a wide variety. Therefore, we have an art gallery at home full of famous paintings from both Taiwan and China. My parents consistently took myself and my siblings to art galleries, and is still one of our favorite family activities when we get together. Regarding my own personal interest in art, I’ve participated in numerous painting and drawing contests. When I moved to the United States for high school, I attended a creative and performing arts school in San Diego and continued working on my artistic talent. After high school, I developed my other interests in desi gn. I chose to work on fashion design. Fashion is art to me. I wanted to pursue art on a different level, however. After graduating from college, I wanted to have more formal higher education experience focused not just on art as it is studied in traditional schools, but also study art at another level at UCLA. My purpose in pursuing this graduate degree in art at UCLA is undergirded by the fact that I know UCLA is an excellent school with a stellar reputation in this field. UCLA also has respect for diversity in its student body, which was important to me in selecting a grad school program. The UCLA faculty is very experienced and knowledgeable in several aspects of the art world, which was also another key factor in deciding to apply here. I sincerely feel that attending UCLA will help me become a better artist. My ultimate goals in obtaining a graduate degree in art are to: 1) own my own gallery; 2) share my art with the public at large; and 3) work with art museums and/or galler ies in order to restore and preserve masterpieces for posterity, so our children and grandchildren will still be able to appreciate creative pieces from master artists. Obtaining a graduate degree in art at UCLA would not only serve to bolster my experience and interest in art, but would also help provide a schema for how to realize my dreams. Wanting to become well-known in the art world, I believe this degree would give me instant credibility that would signify my expertise in not only dealing with art but creating it. I thank you for reading and for your thoughtful consideration of my application in light of the above-stated comments. Personal Accomplishments, Community Pride: A Response to Prompt #2 I have accomplished many personal achievements in my lifetime, but I consider many of these achievements as exemplars for my community (including my family). Having grown up as an immigrant, I realize the incredible opportunities that coming to America gave me and my family. I will b e forever grateful for those. Undertaking this graduate degree in art from UCLA, therefore, is not only a source of personal accomplishment but a symbol of community pride for everyone I know and love that contributes to my culture—both in the U.S. and in Taiwan. While in Taiwan, I won the first-place award for the Taiwan Shei-Pa National Park’s official drawing contest when I was only an 11-year-old elementary school student—chosen from all the student contestants in all of Taiwan. When I came to attend high

Product Feature For Whittakers Products

Product Feature For Whittakers Products Whittakers the major chocolate manufacturer and the only fully owned New Zealand Company. It is the second biggest chocolate brand in New Zealand. It has dark peanuts slab, processing of beans includes human involvement. There is no solid milk in this chocolate. Whittaker forwards its quality using pure cocoa butter and cocoa milk. Product feature for Whittakers products:- Dark chocolate has always been best seller for company by setting a trend or a saga of taste. Its high quality cocoa beans and it is family sized blocks of chocolate having 72% dark Ghana chocolate. It is popular in KIWI people of New Zealand because Whittaker is KIWI owned company and has been one of the good competitors. Its vegan preparation add features in this chocolates Product Support for Whittakers products:- The product support for the Whittaker chocolates are, contact centre details, other elements like phone number, email communication and customer support details. Also, retailers always have taken Whittakers as the most appreciable manufacturer of market for its quality and long term appreciation of customers. Internet is also play a crucial for product support because it is ultra-modern and technology. It has the pages on Facebook, LinkedIn, @twitter, web pages and other blogs. Product differentiation for Whittakers products:- If compared with other big market players like Nestle, Ferro and Cadbury the range of products at Whittakers is unmatchable. If we talk about differentiation, as we know there are 33% cocoa in this chocolate and only 21% cocoa in Cadbury chocolate. All the cocoa for Whittaker comes from Ghana and Madagascar. All are gluten free as comparison to other companies. 4 recommendations to make improvement in marketing mix:- 1):- The cost factor should be sized on the bases of customer purchasing capacity in addition to quality of product. It seems rich chocolate for riches. 2):-Company should take steps to raise their market in Asian countries for their certain development towards international marketing. 3):-Quality no doubt is the prime factor for any product of a company to survive long in the market however availability of the sale is rather more important. For an example if a person sitting in foreign country wishes to taste the product of Whittakers needs to shell out extra cents to purchase it via internet. 4):-Local existence in different markets is very important for company as the positivity of its being a Kiwi company is turning towards negativity as a large mass of consumers is still unaware of this brand name. Answer to Question No. 2: Below is the detailed study of 4 different pricing strategies at Whittakers namely: Value Based Pricing Competition based Pricing Differential Pricing Bundle Pricing Value-Based Pricing:-The strategies to put price first as a primary factor and not the exclusive is Value-based pricing. Whittakers set its pricing lesser as a tag of profitability and more as a cost to quality. The price for Whittakers seems higher if compared with any foreign brand. The Creamy Milk product of Whittakers has a direct competitor in global market i.e. Dairy Milk form Cadbury. KIWI mostly people prefer to go for Whittaker for its purity and vegan .So it goes with Whittakers also, they set the price as not to earn the profit only but to keep the clientele attached with brand furthermore. Competition-based Pricing: Whittaker follow the steps to stay longer in the market via setting the price of goods in accordance with the price of similar products (already existing or newly launched).As we know very well, Whittaker chocolates are liked by KIWI people not only of its pricing but also their quality in chocolates. According to marketing manager of Whittaker, cocoa butter is more expensive but still they are selling chocolates on normal price which is beneficial for company output as comparison to other company cocoa like Cadbury. Differential Pricing: On the basis of differential pricing, Whittaker chocolates can promote and sell their products through coupons, mega sales, price rebates and distribution outlet. Also its depending on demographics or customer distinctions like age, lifestyles, status, and income. Moreover, on the basis of competitors and market research and pricing of others companies is beneficial. Bundle Pricing: Company can sell their product by increasing the volume of products in bucket and sale their product on normal prices. Everyone like the bundle products near to festivals like Christmas and for gift to anyone. They can down their prices near to festivals for customer attractions and for some profit. it differentiate the competition by providing a surplus to the range of customers through offering the bundle of products in a package. 4 other basis of pricing to improve the mix of marketing:- Whittakers should expand their business on global strategies maintain their price and strategies to compete other chocolates company like NESTLE, Hershey and Cadbury etc. Offering the cost effectiveness delivery to customers with good quality is required to improvement. In bundle pricing, the company should start with services like appreciation to customers or provide token and coupons that will boost the sales. Company can include the references of all social contributions to the society because customers will earn the references and raise the emotional factor in the heart of purchaser. Answer to Question No. 3: Advertisement: on the basis of advertisement effectiveness, Whittakers scored on the prospect of advertising can be scored 10/ 10. They motivates the customers by advertisement on Social sites like Facebook, linked, @twitter helping a lot to promote the products of Whittaker chocolates. Even the other ways like television, print media and radio are also been adopted by this company to grab more attentions. Public Relation: the word of mouth is also known as variant of marketing. Same as doing by Whittaker Company. They give first preference to public relations because majority of companies taken activity into action for its customers.it is called jargoned word of mouth, technical or tailored to a product. It becomes very important to entertain that Whittaker is doing well in. Consumer Promotions: Customers loyalty is preferred by company in consumer promotion in which consumers having long term relations with company. The other way to promote are sampling, contests, money Refunds, packaging, loyalty schemes and exhibitions to attract the customers attentions. 4 promotional tools for attracting customers to purchase Whittakers products instead of other brands: As a thumb rule of business promotion i.e. the advertisement like television promos at a grand level to explore the potential company should increase the diameters from country basis to global basis and should go for the television promos at a grand level to explore the potential market or customers across the world. Whittakers should design promotional campaigns in other countries according to their regional language at the world level. We can promote the product on you tube videos and on created pages of Facebook, twitter so that everyone who liked the paged on Facebook or on twitter can see the new flavour or existing product of chocolate. As Whittakers have justified that its a brand of the KIWI and for the KIWI; should similarly impact the people by interacting their eating, living, purchasing and spending habits with the companys product range. It will convey a message that this brand has a product to treat every sector of people Answer to Question No. 4: Exclusive: Hereby the company has taken much of the exclusiveness of distribution in its own hands. The example for this can be drawn through the website of Whittakers. A wide ranged catalogue covering the entire range of existing products, their descriptions is mentioned along with pictorial representation of product packaging. Selective: Whittakers is a company that explores more of strategy of selective distribution as the products and distributions of the company are for limited area or people. Though it is opposite to an open distribution system but a depicting one for the business nature of the company. This strategy has its own charm as because the area of competition decreases the margin of profit earning increases. Henceforth if a global market player like Cadbury or Nestle which has an open distributions system will not be successful to earn the clientele in business territories of Whittakers as because the impact of Whittakers on KIWIs is century long. A foreign brand cannot afford such a high cost of production by paying international taxes. In case if they try launching a product or product line by compromising slightly with the quality even, the newly customer will built rather more strong interest in their previous brand of chocolate. Intensive: Whitaker though has not it available for entire world through all different means of distribution however it is intensive approach of distribution for the areas where it is popular. Other methods for distributions: Direct Method: the company should start the company should seek for franchisees or their own branch outlets at continental level. Indirect method: by adopting this method the company can reach put to the areas where it already is not having trade currently without losing the authority of decision making. Channel distribution: by adopting this method the company can open its outlets by sharing the business compulsion with local potential natives of foreign lands. Answer to Question No. 5: Product: product quality plays a crucial role in selling of product. If there is good quality .then, everyone likes to buy the product. For example Audi car, people like to buy the Audi because of its high performance and also good looking. Price: Price should be according to the market and the service/product. For BIC the manufacturers of lighters, razors and pens should provide the services of the product at the affordable price to attract more customers. Place: Placement is also play an equal role for company. For example Amway Company sells their product through independent business owners of worldwide. In the India, mostly like to sell their second hand through car agents or dealers. Promotion: companies doing advertisement on radio, television, on social sites like Facebook, yahoo and Other ways like sampling, packaging, branding and coupons for the promotion of product. If we talk about Whittakers chocolate all these things are important. For products, they are using 33% cocoa butter as comparison to Cadbury and affordable price, good placement and promotion. REFRENCES:- New Zealand (2012). New Zealand profile in 2012, retrieved in www.wikipedia.com www.whittaker.co.nz www.wikipedia.com www.answer.com

Left Behind Book Series :: essays research papers

Feeling left behind? You might be if you have looked in the religion section of a bookstore recently. Since 1995, over fifty million books bearing the banner of the Left Behind series have showed up not only in Protestant bookstores but also in mainstream, secular bookstores. In 1998 the original four books of the series simultaneously occupied the top four slots in the New York Times bestseller list—which does not count sales figures from Protestant bookstores. The tenth volume of the series debuted at number one on the list. The books of the Left Behind series offer a fictionalized account of the end of the world, based on the authors’ understanding of the book of Revelation and other Bible prophecies. But Left Behind is much more than a series of books. It is a multi-media franchise that includes not only the original novels (which should total twelve to fourteen) but also two motion pictures, over twenty children’s books, study guides, dramatized and unabridged audio books, and graphic novels—with more on the way! Also attached to the franchise are a number of non-fiction works in which the authors explain their views of Bible prophecy in a straightforward manner rather than using the form of a novel. Evangelical publishing has never seen a phenomenon like this. It dwarfs even The Late Great Planet Earth, which was the best-selling book of the 1970s. Left Behind leaves many Catholics scratching their heads. They may know that it has something to do with the end of the world. Some Catholics have even had Evangelical friends try to get them to read the books as a subtle (or not so subtle) attempt to evangelize them. But few have a clear idea of what the books are about, who is behind them, and how they relate to the Catholic faith. This is a problem. There is nothing wrong with having a successful publishing franchise, but when that franchise contains anti-Catholic prejudice and bad theology, that is a problem. Matters are worse when the franchise is so profit-driven that it puts making a buck over the spiritual and psychological well-being of children. As we will see, Left Behind does all of that. The Man Behind Left Behind The Left Behind books carry the bylines of two men, Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. The latter is a prolific freelance author and ghostwriter who has published several dozen books. He is the actual author of the Left Behind books, but his is the less important role, because he does not generate the ideas for them.

B321 Tma 02

Question 1 (a) Simons (1999, pg 768) describes intrinsic motivation as â€Å"desire to engage in behaviours or actions in anticipation of internally- generated rewards such as personal feelings of accomplishment† and extrinsic motivation Simons describes as (1999, pg 766) â€Å"desire to engage in behaviours or actions in anticipation of tangible rewards, such as money or promotion†. Extrinsic motivation is created by financial incentives. An incentive as Simons (1999, 767) describes as being â€Å"a reward or payment that is used to motivate performance.The two types of motivation mentioned above can be used to design a rewards package for the product centre managers. First I will discuss intrinsic motivation; this type of motivation is â€Å"from within† (as Simon states (1999, pg 245)) rather than external. Managers can improve intrinsic motivation, Simon’s (1999, pg 245) states â€Å"they can make people proud of where they work† and also †Å"they can involve subordinates in the goal setting process to increase the likelihood that subordinates will see the goals as legitimate.If subordinates are included in the process of setting goals-asked to provide input and information –they are more likely to feel that the goals are legitimate and work more diligently to achieve them†. The motivation is aligned to Air Tex Aviation’s performance goals, which are, the granting of credit but managers have performance goals set by Ted, monthly charges against their departmental profits, managers are more likely to stick to the rules set by Ted because they are in control of credit.Also, the purchasing of capital equipment and operating supplies but having predetermined limits this gives the managers a sense of control and able to make decisions without having to ask permission whenever a purchase was to be made. Moreover product managers are allowed to set policies such as pricing for products or services. They al so have the power to hire, fire and administer the salary. Product centre managers can rewarded because they have the responsibility to do the above and are free to make choices within set boundaries. Other rewards can be meaningfulness managers may feel they are doing something important.Also another reward is having the competence, managers can feel satisfied. Lastly, another reward is having the sense of progress, product centre managers will feel they have gained something. I will now discuss the extrinsic incentives, Simons (1999 pg 245-246) states â€Å"financial performance awards-typically in the form of bonuses-can be linked explicitly to the achievement of goals and targets. Since incentives are to motivate performance Ted has allocated 10% bonus to managers. (b) Simon’s four levers of control can be used in the implementation of strategy for Air Tex Aviation.Simon’s states â€Å"Strategic control is not achieved through new and unique performance measureme nt and control system, but through belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems working together to control both the implementation of intended strategies and the formation of emergent strategies†. Simon’s (1999, pg 763) describes belief systems as â€Å"explicit set of organisational definitions that senior managers communicate formally and reinforce systematically to provide basic values, purpose, and direction for the organisation†.Figure 14-2 Levers of control (Simon’s pg, 305) shows belief systems as â€Å"strategy as Perspective† and â€Å"Obtaining Commitment to the Grand Purpose, this in the context of Airtex Aviation are firstly Ted and Frank have taken control of the business, Ted is President and chief operating officer and Frank is chairmanship. They also have a vision to grow at a rate of 20% per year for the first five years. To implement strategy Ted and Frank decentralised authority an d made each operating activity a profit centre and grouped them by departments.Departments were given authority over his operations. This creates shared beliefs and missions within the business. Employees will be more motivated because of the more control they have and they will have the sense of belonging to the business. Simon’s (1999, pg 764) describes boundary systems as â€Å"explicit statements embedded in formal information systems that define and communicate specific risks to be avoided†. Boundary Systems in the situation of Air Tex Aviation are, Simon’s (1999, pg 297) described as â€Å"rules, limits and proscriptions†.Rules in Airtex Aviation are decentralising the business, installing a control system. Limits introduced are profit centre’s having the authority to buy operating supplies and capital equipment with purchase order limits. A reason for limits is described by Simon’s (1999, pg 297) as â€Å"to allow individual creativi ty within defined limits of freedom†. Proscriptions include removing Sarah Arthur and her accounting system as it was not working and introduce a control system that support’s the management and provides information needed in order to make decisions.The accounting system before gave employees a lack of motivation because they were not involved in the decision making process. Also Simon’s (1999, pg 279) states â€Å"communicate standards of business conduct for all employees†, that’s what the new control system does, involves all employees. My recommendations to AirTex Aviation would be use all four levers of control together as one can’t work without the others. Also I would recommend the company when financially able to perhaps train managers, as most employees have only studied up to high school.Another recommendation would be for the department managers to set out goals for their own departments, use a balance scorecard or something simila r. Moreover, I would also recommend the business owners to draw up perhaps a mission statement or a statement of purpose and distribute it to each manager, so they know the objective and purpose of the business. Overall, the owners have turned the business around and should carry on as they have done so. Question 2 (a) In the article by Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994), most of the interviewees agreed, net present value is superior to payback.I will summarise the views of the five interviewees below. Adam a lecturer was one those that thought that NPV is better than PB. Adam does however think that payback, in Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) â€Å"works fine for simple, straightforward projects†, but does say how useless it is and NPV gives the right answer and considers time value for money. He also thinks that NPV has no disadvantage whatsoever. He also goes on to say that calculating NPV is easy because of the use of computers. His academic group also agree with him that NPV is superior.Frank chief accountant was one of those interviewed who was against NPV and suspicious of it, describing it as â€Å"dangerous† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He has been using PB for many years and says it is simple to use and NPV is complicated, time consuming and â€Å"conveys spurious accuracy† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He also says that NPV is hard for managers to understand they prefer PB. Simon a senior finance manager thought no appraisal method has â€Å"importance† but believes â€Å"NPV only relevant with high interest rates & long time periods†, Jones, T.C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He believes that information given to managers should be what they want and accountants should help in making investment decisions not decide which appraisal method to use. Judy a junior finance manager prefers to use NPV rather than PB because it considers time value for money which is important in her view. She also says †Å"NPV gives ability to alter assumptions & identify different outcomes† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). She has very strong views for NPV and thinks managers should use this technique only.Managers have studied MBA’s so thinks it will be easy for them to understand. But â€Å"She fears that she may be ‘a victim of my training’ which might have been academic ‘brainwashing’†, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). Len a finance officer also says net present value is superior to payback. He doesn’t agree with Adam’s suggestion that â€Å"PB figures might be adjusted to reflect more clearly the results of NPV analysis† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D, because of ethical rules. (1994).He too like Adam finds calculating NBV easy because of the use of computers. The interviewee’s which I mostly agree with are Len, Judy and Adam this is because, they believe that NPV is superior to PB. Also NPV considers time value of money and is easy to calculate because of the use of computers. I also agree with Judy that managers should be taught NPV because PB is simple and as Adam said NPV should be used for minor projects. (b) Pure reasoning in my view would be coming up with answers which would be the norm and what most people would agree to.An example in B321 case studies would have to be that of Classic Pen Company: Developing an ABC Model. Jane Dempsey came up with information by using methods such as activity based costing used by accountants. Overall, I think pure reasoning would have the most influence on someone’s decision making process this is because most people adhere to the norm they don’t want to be seen as deviant. Also most people would be scared to do otherwise just in case the decision doesn’t turn out to be as expected, which may get them into a lot of trouble. (c)My views have changed since reading the article because, before I thought that calculating net present v alue for investment appraisal was complex and very complicated but both Adam and Len find it easy because of the use of computers. Also before reading the article I thought payback was completely useless and unreliable for investment appraisal but as Adam points out it is fine to use on simple projects. Also another benefit for NPV is that it â€Å"gives ability to alter assumptions & identify different outcomes†, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) as Judy points out.Both appraisal methods have their benefits, net present value has more benefits overall. Question 3 (a) Total machine hours: 880,000 ? 44,000 = 20 Game Pies: 20 ? 4,000 = 80,000 ? 2000 = ? 40 per batch Pork Pies: 20 ? 40,000 = 800,000 ? 20,000 = ? 40 per batch (b) Set up related: 420,000 ? 200 = 2,100 Pork Pies: 2,100 ? 120 = 252,000 ? 20,000 = ? 12. 60 Game Pies: 2,100 ? 80 = 168,000 ? 2,000 = ? 84 Purchasing related: 240,000 ? 480 = 500 Pork Pies: 500 ? 320 = 160,000 ? 20,000 = ? 8 Game Pies: 500? 160 = 80,000 ? 2,000 = ? 40 Volume related: 44,000 + 88,000 = 132,000 220,000 ? 32,000 = 1. 67 Pork Pies: 1. 67 ? 120,000 = ? 200,400 ? 20,000 = ? 10. 02 Game Pies: 1. 67 ? 12,000 = ? 20,040 ? 2000 = ? 10. 02 Cost centre costs for pork pies per batch: ? 12. 60 + ? 8 + ? 10. 02 = ? 30. 62 Cost centre costs for game pies per batch: ? 84 + ? 40 + ? 10. 02 = ? 134. 02 (c) The difference with activity based costing and traditional costing is, firstly traditional costing only assigns overhead cost: machine hours or direct labour hours to products. Whereas activity based costing uses activities â€Å"for accumulating costs† as described by Atkinson (2004, pg 127).

Hemingways Paris And The American Exodus Essays - Ernest Hemingway

Hemingways Paris And The American Exodus Essays - Ernest Hemingway Hemingway's Paris and the american exodus You are the lost generation, said Gertrude Stein, the woman that knew them well. You could see them sitting in the cafes all day long, busy drinking and socializing, or boxing in the gym, playing tennis. Ernest Hemingway was one of them, one of the many american expatriots that came to Paris in the 1920's. They were mostly writers, some artists, all reunited on the left bank, all in search of happiness and inspiration. Hemingway put his sejour in Paris into words and wrote The Sun also Rises, the book that made him famous and launched hisd career as a prominent novelist. This essay is about Hemingway's Paris and about the city he painted in his books; it is a look at the way he incorporated his own feelings for the place into his litterature and made a great city even greater. America has no souvereign, no personnal loyalty, no aristocracy, no country gentlmen, no palaces, no manors, nor ivied ruins, nor cathedrals, nor little Normand churches ...Paris was a magical millieu that appreciated my stories . After the first world war, the young generation was highly depressed, the war wasn't the heroic quest every youngster dreamt about, but killings and suffering and savagery. America has turned their backs on them and became much more orthodox, with the return of traditional bourgois values. Ans so they decided to exile, artists like Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, John Fitzgerald, maxdor Ford, Sylvia Beach, Robert McAlmon, etc. They were after the discovery of the Europeean culture and Paris was the most international, open, cultural city of them all, where the imagination could roam free and where the writers were appreciated. Paris welcomed them with open hands and a cheap lifestyle. The writers embraced the French culture, the french took it even for granted and with their lifestyle made out of Paris a very lighted place. They didn't mix with the French lot a lot, prefering the stay in the American club and the multicultural left bank. ...when they [Ernest with his wife] arrived in Paris the city was cold, damp, crowded, jolly and beautifull. ... But Paris was a very old city and we were young and nothing was simple there... Ernest arrived in december of 1921, as a young novelist for the Toronto Star, and moved into an appartment, rue Jacob. His wife, Hardly Richardson, was known to him since his childhood and incarnated his best teenage years. He came with an open heart, ready to absorb new experiences, totally in love and very, very happy. He was greeted with a city that welcomed all artists, living together in deep, sometimes nonchalent friendship and a dynamic way of life. The love between him and Paris was complete and everlasting. In that city he spend the best years of his life, in love head over feet, living a bohemic way of life in the gaiest city on earth and crearting books that launched his carreer. It is no coincidence that Hemingway, 40 years after living in the city, wrote A Moving Feast, piece of writing that elevates Paris to quasi spiritual location. Despite that, people that knew him well say that he didn't lead such a bohemic life that legend made, but was seen much more in li! braries reading or in cafes writing then socializing. We ate well and cheaply and drank well and cheaply and slept well and warm together and loved each other. Ernest wrote The Sun Also Rises in 1926, it became an instant classic and launched his carrer. The book is in large part autobiography, characters in The Sun ressemble closely Hemingway and his friends. It was written about one year after the events described in the book passed and some critics say that this short interval gives the book the much appreciated freshness. However, Samuel Putnam says that the book "marks the point of clevage between the earlier and latter bath of exiles". The thing is that befor the middle of the 20's, expatriots in Paris, having seen the suffering of the war, came to Paris as rebels, seeking artistic and spiritual freedom. After The Sun Also Rises, Americans coming to Paris came for the Party, for

Honest Abe (Abe Lincoln) Essays - Bleeding Kansas, Free Essays

Honest Abe (Abe Lincoln) Essays - Bleeding Kansas, Free Essays Honest Abe (Abe Lincoln) INTRODUCTION Abraham Lincoln, Honest Abe, is one of the greatest American Presidents. He is known today for his Presidency in which he fought the Confederacy during the Civil War and abolished slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation and later the Thirteenth Amendment. He was an intelligent, honest, and just leader who governed at a critical time in American history. PRE-PRESIDENCY Lincoln was born on the twelfth of February 1809 in a cabin three miles outside of Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was later forced to move to Indiana. As a child Lincoln worked on his familys farm clearing fields and tending crops. He liked to read but unfortunately received hardly any formal education. In fact, his entire schooling only amounted to about one year of attendance. (Brit. 23) In 1830 Lincolns family moved to Illinois. Lincoln didnt want to be a farmer, so he tried other professions: rail-splitter, flatboat man, storekeeper, postmaster, surveyor, an army man, and a profession in Law. In 1932 Lincoln, at twenty-three years old, decided to run for the Illinois State legislature. Lincoln was to campaign for local improvements such as better roads and canals. However, a war with the Indians broke out before Lincolns campaign could get going. In response, he joined the Army. After his short wartime, Lincoln returned to politics and lost the race of Illinois Legislature. In 1834 he ran again and was elected- second of thirteen. At the age of 25 Lincoln was a member of the Illinois Legislature. After his term in the legislature, Lincoln found he needed more money. So, he started studying law on his own. He accepted a job in Springfield at John Todd Stuarts practice. In the late 1830s Lincoln found the love of his life, Mary Ann Todd, the daughter of a rich banker. She got engaged to Abe in 1840 and the two were married in 1842. They had thee children together, Willie and Tad Lincoln. In 1946 Lincoln won the Whig nomination for a seat in the House of Representatives for Illinois and sat in Congress in 1847. The major issues of the time were the Mexican-American war, which Lincoln opposed, and slavery. Lincoln was not an anti-slavery crusader. However, he did vote in Congress to stop it from spreading. Morally, Lincoln hated slavery and said slaver was founded on both injustice and bad policy. He wanted to abolish slavery over time because he thought dramatic actions to end slavery would lead to violence. Lincoln felt that Congress should not interfere with slavery in states in which it already existed. After his term in Congress, Lincoln left politics again for a full time law practice. In the early 1850s Senator Stephen Douglas opened the issue of slavery in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska act, allowing the issue of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska to be decided by popular sovereignty. Lincoln was thunderstruck and stunned. This act brought him back into politics. He felt obligated to speak out against the Kansas-Nebraska act. So, after Lincoln left law he traveled across Illinois campaigning for anti-slavery Whigs. In his campaigning Lincoln called slavery a cancer and a monstrous injustice. He said he believed in the Declaration of Independence, which states all men are created equal. However, he wasnt sure of what to do with slavery in the states where it already existed in. In 1856, Lincoln switched from the Whig Party to the Republican Party because the Whigs were weak and could never unite against slavery. Lincoln felt that if he wanted to make a point he would have to be with a strong party. In 1858, Lincoln won the Republican Nomination for the Illinois Senate seat. He wanted the seat of his long time rival, Senator Stephen Douglas. In Lincolns first speech for his Senate campaign Lincoln said, I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. Lincoln warned his opponents that the spread of slavery must be stopped or else it would become lawful in all the states; old as well as new- north as well as south. In July of 1958, Lincoln challenged Senator Douglas to a series of seven three-hour, public debates. Thousands of people showed up to

Marketing report based on industrial analysis Essay

Marketing report based on industrial analysis - Essay Example wing issue that needs to be addressed: due to the high competition in local market managers in Burger King should have alternative marketing tools available. This means that if the positioning of the firm’s products/ services in India is not successful then the re-positioning of the firm should be attempted by emphasizing on different market segments, as explained analytically below. Marketing, as a process, is rather complex. In the literature, emphasis is given to three elements of this process: ‘a) the marketing mix; these are the elements of each firm’s marketing plan; b) the market forces and c) the matching process’ (Payne & Frow 2013, p.12). The above elements of the marketing process interact in the following way: in the context of the marketing mix each organization identifies the criteria that its marketing plan has to meet. Then, the marketing plan is structured accordingly, i.e. it is designed in such way that these criteria can be met. At the next level, the forces that the organization has to face in each market are identified; emphasis is given to those forces that can affect the organization’s marketing plan. Finally, using the matching process the managers of the organization are able to align the marketing plan with the market forces, so that the success of the plan is secured, as possible. Marketing orientation is a term used for showing the alignment of ‘all the activities of each organization with the needs of its customers’ (McCabe 2010, p.117). According to Palmer (2012) in order for a business to promote marketing orientation the following term needs to be met: the business should be fully aware of the needs of its customers, of the performance of its competitors and of the capabilities of its employees. By focusing on marketing orientation Burger King would be able to attract many customers and to set the basis for significant growth in the Indian market. Moreover, the costs of marketing orientation for Burger King could be

Social Commentators and Modern American Society Research Paper

Social Commentators and Modern American Society - Research Paper Example This is done in light of the fictitious characters and plots that may either be based on fact, or on fiction. In fact, there are many who have successfully pointed out that change emanates from literary works. As literary works are read and analyzed, life in the society gets revisited, with benevolent values being strengthened and malevolent ones being abrogated; and hence the exaction of reforms. Summary On one hand, Gilman’s novel Herland was published in 1915 by the Forerunner and depicts a utopia of a female-only society which reproduces through pathogenesis. The culmination of this development is the realization of an ideal fully functioning social order which is devoid of war, oppression and subservience. On the other hand, there is playwright Arthur’s Miller Death of a Salesman was first premiered on February 10th, 1949. The play is about a father who has a lot of expectations on his sons, especially Biff. Later on, he comes to the harsh reality that he has not b een perfect himself, and commits suicide as an artifice to help Biff start a business. He kills himself in a traffic accident so that his insurer can indemnify Biff and Happy. He assumes that with the indemnity, Biff can start off a business. Interpretive analysis students on key themes: Who were Charlotte Perkins Gilmore and Arthur Miller Arthur A. Miller (1915- 2005) was an American essayist and playwright. Not only did Miller leave a lasting impact in American theatre industry, but he also remained a public figure in the Interwar and the Cold War periods. Miller’s dexterity in literary works is underscored by the Prince of Asturias and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama Awards. Miller’s consciousness for American politics is well underscored by several instances in which he castigated the unjust racist systems in America, even before civil rights movement made an advent. Charlotte Perkins Gilmore (July 3rd, 1860- August 17th, 1935) was an American writer, novelist, poet, short storyteller, sociologist, a nonfiction writer, social reformer, a lecturer and a feminist. As a matter of fact, many scholars and analysts have grouped Gilman as a utopian feminist, since her works were exceptionally suited for women. The veracity of this standpoint is well exemplified by the novel Herland, where she envisions a world that is strictly populated by women and as such, is totally perfect. The Literary Devices Gilmore and Miller Used to Write Their Works there are many literary devices that Miller and Gilmore used to communicate their message. Miller in the play, The Death of a Salesman strongly uses flashbacks to weave his plotline together and into a complex whole. This is seen in the instance where Willy, an old salesperson remembers an instance where he overstated his earnings, and only got to admit this folly when his wife Linda calculated his commission and found an anomaly. It is in this same instance where Willy remembers his conversation with his wife whe re he complained about feeling inadequate about his looks. His wife Linda reassures him that he is good looking. At this point, the playwright lets the audience and analysts into Willy’s insecurity. It is insecurity that leads him into overstating his earnings, and

Defining Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defining Beauty - Essay Example While beauty might have once been truly ‘in the eye of the beholder’, today’s society has beauty defined for it by the overwhelming challenges of the mass media. These messages of the media are so consistent they overwhelm any natural sense of beauty, which is important to our sense of identity and social value. Throughout the history of mankind, humans have projected who and what they are, including their relative social position, through their outward appearance. Study after study has demonstrated people dress a certain way and strive to acquire specific items as a means of signifying that they belong to a particular desirable subset of individuals who also embody their individual ideals (Gilman, 1999). Regardless of whether one has always been a part of this subset or not, it is presumed that an outer appearance in keeping with this group will automatically purchase the coveted membership. In the past few centuries, however, the standard definition for female beauty has had detrimental effects on the feminine identity. â€Å"Women view their bodies as ‘objects of work’ requiring attention and upkeep in order to operate well and promote the desired effect† (Gillen, 2001). ... â€Å"Research in the UK suggests that the wealthier we are, the more likely we are to dislike our body. Experts think there’s more pressure on the wealthy to achieve the thin 'ideal' because they have the money to do so and are more exposed to media images† (Rebecca, 2006). Because the wealthy are expected to be able to achieve this ideal, those who are not so wealthy often struggle to attain the beauty ideal as a means of signifying that they belong within the ranks of the wealthy. Within the past few years, televisions have been inundated with so-called ‘make-over’ shows in which the focus is precisely for the media to inform the public regarding what is considered beautiful or desirable. These shows promise an improved exterior facade to participants’ bodies, fashion sense, faces, homes, lifestyles, etc. that will bring the individual into closer similarity to the ideal image and thus make it possible for them to achieve a higher level of happine ss. This ‘ideal’ image is usually envisioned as someone in their mid-20s, slender almost to the point of skeletal, with specific body measurements at the bust and hips and a specific ‘good-looking’ charm that usually includes blonde hair and a friendly demeanor. This limited view of the ideal obviously eliminates anyone who might have been born with larger bones or other ‘defects’ that resist the reshaping of the plastic surgeon’s scalpel from being accepted into the socially acceptable. Makeovers on TV illustrate the unacceptable qualities of the average individual and emphasize the importance of bringing the individual image more in line with a perceived social ideal that is communicated through the same media channel. It is thus perceived that the only way for individuals to find

Un Action Against Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Un Action Against Terrorism Essay The issue of coming up with ways to combat terrorism has been prioritized by the entire community internationally and it is also a major task in the United Nations. Various UN bodies have come up with different initiatives to try and combat terrorism and bring to justice those involved with the act. The most controversial issue within the UN in its battle against terrorism is the counter terrorism measures that are stipulated in the resolutions of the UN Security Council. One of the most serious threats towards human rights in the world is terrorism as it takes lives of thousands of innocent people every year and also breaks democratic orders. It is quite important for Countries to react to any threat of terrorism but at the same time there have been concerns that some forceful measures against terrorism may also greatly violate the human rights. The UN requires balancing the two competing interests in the fight against terrorism which are individual rights on one hand and protection of civilian and national security on the other hand. In some exceptional circumstances to curb threats and activities of terrorism there may be some justification to the abuse of human rights but only when it is an emergency case. It is very important for any country to ensure that any decisions that are made in order to preserve national security are according to the law, compensation is done to individuals whose rights were violated and those decisions should be subjected to review in the near future to avoid violation of human rights. The UN did not make any attempt to resume or revive the efforts that the League of Nations had made to control international terrorism after these rules were greatly interrupted by the Second World War. These efforts had finished the integration of the 1973 complementary conventions to deal with the punishment and prevention of terrorism and also the establishment of an International Criminal Court. This has resulted in a problem of international terrorism as it has been observed in a number of actions that have been carried out by the UN involving progressive development and codification of the international law since the early 1950s. Before the year 1972 the issue of terrorism was not a major topic of discussion in the general assembly of the UN. In 1972 there was a kidnapping of Israeli athletes at Munich during the Olympic Games, as this was seen as an act of terrorism, the then Secretary-General of the UN introduced an item on measures to curb terrorism and any kind of violence that would take innocent lives or endanger any human fundamental freedom to be discussed in the twenty-seventh session of the United Nations National Assembly. In 1985 the General Assembly of the UN pointed out that there may be some cases in which the perpetrators may be pushed to terrorist acts by violation of the human rights; it also urged Nations and the UN organs to make contributions to the progressive elimination of any causes underlying international terrorism. Sri Lanka is one of the examples where the UN failed to fight terrorism; this is clear in that the Sri Lanka government was able to reduce the LTTE power from being a formidable organization to a mediocre organization. The LTTE is one of the most cruel and ruthless terrorist groups that can use any weapon to cause mass destruction of property and loss of life. The UN took no action to try and bring to an end the LTTE group of terrorists but fortunately the Rajapaksa government succeeded in defeating the LTTE. The main objective of the UN is to settle disputes between countries by use of diplomatic approaches before the countries decide to use military force or before the conflict becomes uncontrollable. Unfortunately the UN has not attained this goal. The UN is a forum where member states send representatives to argue for or against their countries. These representatives have been seen to be just spokesmen for their country but back in their country they do not have any power or influence. Another issue is that those countries that are ruled by dictators or those that are not at peace use the UN debates to delay and complicate issues in their favour. Over the last fifty years during the existence of the UN the debates have not resolved any issues but threats, direct military action and hidden negotiations that were not sponsored by the UN have had positive changes in solving most of the conflicts. An example of this is the case of Iraq which was under the UN forces for over 100 years during which the Iraqi people were subjected to sufferings while on the other hand Saddam Hussein continued with his dirty games with the UN of only allowing inspection of weapons of mass destruction at certain periods and also coming up with solutions to the oil for food agreement imposed by the UN. This stalemate was broken by the United States of America by invading and overthrowing the Saddam regime. Had this stalemate not been broken the people of Iraq would still be under the oppressive rule of Saddam. The UN has also been unable to take actions that are direct and independent without seeking the support of its members. In the current world which is full of oppressive regimes and war mongering dictators who understand that the UN lacks any real power therefore making them free to do anything they want. For example the North Korea has been testing nuclear weapons and it has currently threatened to do it again while the UN is just considering an act of sanctions. If North Korea today decides to use the nuclear weapons in an act of terrorism many people would end up losing their lives just because the UN failed to take action in time. The member States of the UN should then be urged to contribute equal military force or money that is equivalent. The UN should then have these resources at its disposal and it should be free to use it without any approval from any of its member states. There are 5 selected member countries of the UN that can disagree on any decision that the majority of the States had agreed upon. These countries are China, USA, Russia, United Kingdom and France because they founded the UN that came up with the rules of UN after the Second World War. This has resulted in a lot of problems in the UN because these countries with the veto power were not elected democratically and therefore there is reason to believe that the decisions that the countries take are truly biased. This is a problem that has greatly caused people in this world to lose lives and it is not aimed to come to an end any time soon because the countries with the veto power are not willing to give up this power and allow for fair selection. The other failure of the UN is that most of its members are not countries geared towards peace and have questionable voting practices. The only solution to solve this problem would be to deny such nations the power to voting during any meetings of the UN. This is not easy to implement because countries debate in the UN forum only if they have the right to vote in the UN Security Council. UN considers itself a humanitarian body while on the other hand it continues allowing non-humanitarian countries like China to vote on humanitarian issues. The other area where the UN has failed to take action on terrorism is by the fact that UN does not formally recognize any State as a terrorist. Terrorists on the other hand would not debate in a public forum like the UN or seek help from the UN to sort out their issues and this clearly shows that the UN does not get involved in any way with the terrorists. Due to this the UN has been seen to be completely blind to terrorists and it has no intentions of addressing the terrorists and this is not likely to change soon. UN being the largest organization in the world that promotes peace should not be completely unable to address terrorism and therefore this has been seen as a complete failure to the UN in fighting terrorism. The United Nations has also been seen to fail in the action against terrorism because it has for a long time been unable to clearly define terrorism without putting policies that would annoy some of its strongest member states. UN has found itself in a state of confusion as Islamic states argue that the fight against occupation should be exempted from the definition of terrorism as this is well stipulated by the UN in the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) of 1998 which clearly states that the struggle of the people either peaceful or armed struggle against any foreign occupation shall not be termed as an act of violence. The issue of terrorism as been complicated more by the fact that the struggle of the people to free themselves from any foreign occupation and/or colonialism does not in any way constitute an act of terrorism. Some of the Islam clerics have also considered the presence of the US and other foreign forces in Afghanistan and Iraq as occupation and therefore they do not term any act of the citizens of this country to free themselves from foreign occupation as an act of terrorism. Due to lack of a definition of terrorism there has been failure of the UN to come up with a complete detailed convention on international terrorism but instead it has adopted a document it calls Global Counter Terrorism Strategy which is based on an unknown definition of terrorism. In conclusion the UN has failed in many areas in the fight against terrorism. For the UN to fight terrorism globally it should be in a position to address terrorists and come up with ways of preventing anymore loss of lives. The UN should also understand that the terrorists are people who can be negotiated with and therefore coming with a democratic solution for both sides. UN should also stop involving member states that are not humanitarian in any humanitarian issues. In general the World requires a stronger peace international police who will be free to act without getting orders from any of the UN state members. REFERENCES LIST Giuseppe Nesi, Contributor Giuseppe Nesi (2006) International cooperation in counter terrorism: the United Nations and regional organizations in the fight against terrorism (Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ,), 2006 P. 47-48 Leel Pathirana, Failure to understand the conflict by UN and the West has created a humanitarian Crisis, Asian Tribune, pp. 1-3, 18-4-2009, Available at Asiantribune. com M. Sassoli (2004), use and abuse of laws of war in the war on terrorism law and equality, A journal of theory and practice, vol. 22,2004, pp. 195-213 Maogoto, Jackson Nyamuya, Walking an International Tightrope: Use of Military Force to Counter Terrorism Willing the End. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2006. Patrick Goodenough, International Editor, UN Anti-Terror Effort Bogged Down Over Terrorism Definition, Tuesday, September 02, 2008, (CNSNews. com) Phil for humanity, A guide for the survival of humankind, and improving the world, society and yourself, why the United Nations is a useless failure, available online athttp://www. philforhumanity. com

Tobacco addiction case study

Tobacco addiction case study Nick is a thirty-year-old Caucasian male who recently enrolled in your patient panel. He comes in today because he desires to â€Å"kick the habit† of tobacco use. He had tried to quit before and succeeded twice, only to start up again. He denies any health problems but has a strong family history of COPD and lung cancer. His father died of lung cancer three months ago, and he has been dreaming of him since then. He does not want to end up the same way. Past medical history The patient denies medical problems. He had a vasectomy four years age at his ex-wife’s request, no other surgeries. He has noticed a recurrent morning cough and increased production of mucus over the past two months or so. Medications – none Allergies – none Stage of change – contemplation Diagnosis – tobacco abuse and addiction Patient education Through the use of tobacco, nicotine is one of the most heavily used addictive substances and the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking accounts for around one of every five deaths in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). When a person is addicted to a substance, they have a compulsive urge to seek out and use the substance, even when they understand the harmful effects it can have (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Tobacco products are addictive. With each inhalation of a cigarette the smoker pulls nicotine and other harmful substances into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the blood stream (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is shaped like the natural brain chemical acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a chemical called a neurotransmitter; this carries messages between the brain cells or neurons (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Theses brain cells or neurons have specialized proteins called receptors, into which specific neurotransmitters fit. Nicotine locks into acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine attaches to acetylcholine receptors that release a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released normally when a person experiences something pleasurable. Smoking causes neurons (brain cells) to release excess dopamine, which is the cause of feelings of pleasure when smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). This effect wears off quickly, causing the smoker to get the urge to light up another cigarette for another dose of the drug (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco, but it is not the only important ingredient (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). People who smoke have a reduction in the level of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain and body. Lower levels of MAO in the brain may lead to higher dopamine levels and this leads to the reason people continue to smoke and continue to get the pleasurable effects from smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Long-term use of nicotine products leads to addiction. The way nicotine is absorbed and metabolized by the body enhances its addictive potential (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Each inhalation brings rapid distribution of nicotine to the brain, but it quickly disappears along with the pleasurable feelings. This triggers the smoker to seek that same pleasurable sensation throughout the day (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Over the course of the day tolerance develops, requiring more frequent doses or higher doses to get the same effect. Nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have similar effects on the brain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Many people who have a nicotine addiction are in denial. They may be social smokers, meaning they only smoke when out with friends, or they believe they can stop when they are ready (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recognizing the signs of addiction is important for the getting over the addiction. Common signs of addiction include requiring increased use of tobacco to get the same satisfaction, experiencing withdrawal when nicotine levels are low, having the desire to quit but not being able to, experiencing cravings and urges to smoke, and continuing to smoke despite being aware of the health risks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The physical symptoms of nicotine addiction are caused by withdrawal. Withdrawal occurs because the brain can no longer naturally produce adequate levels of dopamine. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, frustration, irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and weight gain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Some of the health risks associated with nicotine use include chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, gum disease, mouth and esophageal cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The carcinogens in tobacco products cause abnormal cell growth that can develop into cancer (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Deciding to quit smoking is the first step toward becoming a non-smoker and better health (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). After quitting, the risk of stroke can be reduced to that of a non-smoker in as little as two years after quitting (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Heart rate and blood pressure return to the non-smoker levels after only two hours of not smoking. The rate of heart disease related to smoking is decreased to fifty percent and the rate of lung cancer is substantially reduced (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Steps to nicotine abuse and addiction recovery that may help are to set a date to quit; this allows the person to get in the mindset to stop (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Knowing the triggers that make the person want to smoke is another important factor. Some triggers commonly observed that increase the desire to smoke are after a meal, while driving, drinking alcohol, boredom, stress, coffee, and being around other people that smoke (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Having a strong support system is another important factor in quitting. Informing the people around the smoker of the decision to quit may help to support the decision as well as holding the smoker accountable for the goal of quitting. It is easier to stop smoking if the people around support the effort to stop smoking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). If the smoker is thinking about quitting, or has made the decision to quit, there are several products to help in the process of quitting and prevent many of the withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement is an alternative to stopping cold. Many people find it easier to use a replacement therapy such as the nicotine patch, inhaler, or nicotine gum. This may make the transition easier and more comfortable for the person trying to quit (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease that often requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit. Effective treatments exist; however, that can significantly increase the rate of long-term abstinence. Counseling and medications are effective when used by themselves. The combination of counseling and medications, however, is more effective than either alone (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Products designed to help quit tobacco abuse and addiction Bupropion SR treatment should begin one to two weeks before the quit date. The starting dose for tobacco cessation is 150mg orally every morning for three days, then 150mg orally twice daily. This dosage should be continued for seven to twelve weeks. For long-term dosage, use of bupropion SR 150 mg for up to six months post-quit may be used (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Common side effects include insomnia and dry mouth. Insomnia may be addressed by taking the evening pill at least eight hours before bedtime, with at least eight hours between doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine gum is available in both regular and flavored forms. The gum dosage is available in two milligrams and four milligram doses. Smokers should use at least one piece every one to two hours for the first six weeks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The gum should be used for up to twelve weeks with no more than twenty-four pieces to be used per day. Common side effects of the gum include mouth soreness, hiccups, dyspepsia, and jaw ache. These effects are generally mild and transient, often caused by the patient’s chewing technique (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). This can be alleviated by correct chewing techniques. The gum should be chewed slowly until taste emerges, then parked between the cheek and gum line to facilitate absorption. The gum should be slowly and intermittently chewed and parked for around thirty minutes or until taste dissipates from the gum (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine Inhalers- A dose from the nicotine inhaler consists of a puff or inhalation. Each cartridge delivers a total of one milligram of nicotine over eighty inhalations (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recommended dosage is six to sixteen cartridges per day. Duration of the therapy is up to six months. Side effects include local irritation in the mouth and throat, coughing, and rhinitis. The severity of the irritation is mild and the frequency of symptoms decline with continuous use (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine lozenges are available in two milligrams and four milligram doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Generally, smokers should use at least nine per day in the first six months of therapy, and should be used for up to twelve weeks, with no more than twenty lozenges used per day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The two milligram is recommended for smokers that have the first cigarette more than thirty minutes after waking. The four milligram is used for patients that have the first cigarette within thirty minutes of waking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The most common side effects include nausea, dry mouth, hiccups, and heart burn. Use of the four milligram lozenges may also cause increased rates of headaches and coughing. The lozenge should be allowed to dissolve in the mouth rather than chewing or swallowing it (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nasal spray- The nicotine nasal spray produces higher peak nicotine levels than other nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and has the highest dependency potential (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). A dose of the nasal spray consists of one 0.5 mg dose delivered to each nostril (1mg total). Initial dosing should be one spray per hour, increasing as needed for symptom relief (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Minimum dosage is eight doses daily with a maximum of forty doses per day. Each bottle contains around one hundred doses. Recommended duration of therapy is three to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patients should not sniff, swallow or inhale through the nose while administering doses, as this increases irritation. The spray is best delivered with the head slightly tilted back. Users report moderate to severe nasal irritation in the first two days of use. Nasal congestion and transient changes to taste and smell are al so reported (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine patches treatment of eight weeks or less have been shown to be as effective as longer treatment periods (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patches of different doses are available. Dosing regimens should be based on patient characteristics such as amount smoked and degree of dependence (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The step down dosage includes four weeks of twenty-one milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the fourteen milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the seven milligram per day patches (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). There is a single dose regimen available in twenty-two and eleven milligram per day patches for other step down regimens. Up to fifty percent of patients using the patch will experience a local skin reaction. These skin reactions are usually mild and self-limiting, but may be worsened during the course of therapy (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Local treatment with a o ne percent hydrocortisone cream or a five percent triamcinolone cream, and rotation of patch sites may ease the skin irritation. Other side effects of the patches include insomnia and vivid or strange dreams. At the start of each day the patient should place a patch in a relatively hairless area, typically between the neck and waist, rotating the site daily to reduce irritation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patch should be applied as soon as the patient wakes on the quit day. If insomnia is a problem, the patient should remove the patch prior to going to bed (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is an approved non-nicotine agent for smoking cessation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The FDA added a warning regarding the use of this agent. Depressed mood, agitation, changes in behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide have been reported in patients attempting to quit smoking when using Varenicline (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Any history of psychiatric illness should be discussed before using this medication. Side effects of the medication include nausea, trouble sleeping, and abnormal or vivid dreams (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should start Varenicline one week before the quit date, with a dose of 0.5 milligram daily for three days followed by 0.5 milligram twice daily for four days, followed by one milligram twice daily for three months. Varenicline is approved for maintenance therapy for up to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should quit smoking on day eight, when the dosage is increased to one milligram twice daily. To reduce the insomnia problem, the second dose should be taken at dinner time rather than bedtime. To reduce the nausea, the medication should be taken on a full stomach (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is a non-nicotine medication. The mechanism of action is due to its partial nicotine receptor agonist and antagonistic effects (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Because Varenicline is eliminated almost entirely unchanged in the urine it should be used with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction. It is not recommended to be used with other nicotine replacement therapies because of its nicotine antagonistic properties (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Plan of treatment Patient will be advised that the increased cough and mucus production is related to the use of tobacco products and that once he no longer smokes the frequency of cough and mucus production will decrease as this is related to irritation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. A smoker’s cough is a persistent cough that develops in long-term smokers. At first it may be dry, but over time it usually produces phlegm. The cough is usually worst upon awakening and improves throughout the day. The airways are lined with tiny hair like cells called cilia, which catch toxins in inhaled air and move them upward toward the mouth to be expelled. Smoking paralyzes these cells. Instead of toxins being caught in transit, toxins enter the lungs and create inflammation. This leads to coughing as the lungs attempt to clear these toxins. As the Celia begins to repair themselves during the night and attempt to remove the accumulated substances from the lungs, the result is coughing upon arising. Thi s cough will usually fade as the Celia is allowed to repair themselves from the abstinence of cigarette smoking. Treatment will consist of smoking cessation counseling and support, Varenicline 0.5 mg daily, starting immediately, orally once daily for three days, then 0.5 mg orally twice daily for four days, followed by one mg orally twice daily for three months. Follow up should be in three days to evaluate side effects and patient response. The next follow-up will be dependent on patient progress and response to medication. The patient will be instructed on the community resources for smoking cessation support groups and how to cope with the stress of not smoking and how to manage daily frustrations related to smoking cessation. Dietary counsel will be offered for possible nutrition advice and weight management. The patient will be encouraged to enroll in an exercise program or to increase physical activities during the initial phase of smoking cessation. A chest x-ray will be ordered, at the patient’s convenience, to rule out COPD or other lung issues. References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Clinical practice guidelines: Treating tobacco use and dependency. Retrieved from CDC.gov: http://www.bphc.hrsa.gov/buckets/treatingtobacco.pdf Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Smoking and tobacco use. Retrieved from Center for disease control and prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/how_to_quit/you_can_quit/nicotine