The Influence Of Media On Societal Behavior - 1761 Words

Ellen Jo Marrero Mrs. Murphy Period 5 English 11 December 2015 The Influence of Media on Societal Behavior Introduction It has become common for the modern day society to rely on different sources for their news. Because of the internet and other technological devices that have developed over the years, our access to the news have greatly increased. However, along with this comes the familiar issue of media distortion. In the beginning of the year, I decided to study the power of media in depth—specifically media bias and its influence on public opinion on current events. I chose the media as my subject not only because it affects all aspects of our lives, but also because many people can identify themselves with it, like me. Eventually, I realized that I did not want to limit my research solely on bias in the media, so I decided to also focus on influence on the public as well. Throughout my research, I analyzed diverse but relevant articles in order to better my understanding the effect of the media. In recent discussions about the role of media in society, a controversial issue has been whether the extent of media influence has been exaggerated or not. On one hand, some argue that bias in the media is not as prevalent as it looks today. Factors such â€Å"increased access to technology† and different news outlets, as well as the â€Å"rising popularity of watchdog groups† such as AIM and FAIR, have lead people to have the impression that bias is pervasive throughout allShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social media is a variety of platforms provided to the public as a medium for expression and communication. Seemingly, social media could be viewed as a positive contribution to society, but one must consider the underlying effects of society. Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individualsRead MoreEssay On Masculinity972 Words   |  4 Pageson masculinity, along with behavior and how that behavior is being influenced by the environment. The article focuses on factors such as peer exclusion, the prevalence of violence in the media and most importantly, violence in relation to gender. . In relation to gender, masculinity plays a crucial role in shaping ego and self-esteem. While answering the question â€Å"how does violence relate to masculinity?† it is important that we examine the pressures of both societal and cultural norms. To do soRead MoreSocial Medi The Power Of Context By Malcolm Gladwell1665 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Contents Go Viral In the 21st Century The development of social media (television shows, Facebook and video games) has increased tremendously in the 21st century, and its influence in daily lives has also affected young teenagers and their parents’ contemplation about violence. In the past, the function of social media was to discover hidden events and tell parents the right way to raise and educate their kids. However, in the 21st century, young teenagers can see violence on television showsRead MoreDeviance And Its Effect On Society1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America, societal deviance changes nearly on a daily basis. Depending on the current culture, deviance is modified to make societal heroes like celebrities, political figures, and sport players look less deviant and more like role models for the public. The change in what is considered â€Å"normal† is customarily a result of society in general. By using a reference group of people, individuals tend to identify with those who a re in the lime light. Then when that role model doesRead MoreHunger Games Sociology Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagessciences. The symbolism and plot of The Hunger Games are prime examples of Sociology because they display different societal rules and norms, the struggle for power, and the importance of the media. Although The Hunger Games is set in the future, societal norms, rules and views still exist just as they do in today’s society. Macrosociology studies the wide perspective of such social behaviors , clearly exhibited in Collins’ novel. For example, Gerontology is the study of growing older in society, whichRead MoreEssay on Is Media Violence At Fault For Societal Violence?1604 Words   |  7 Pageslinks between media and societal violence are only to be assumptions of the public. For one thing there are many other contributors to violence; so, how is anyone really sure that media is at greater fault. Media violence these days is really just a replica to societys everyday life. Without such activity taken in real life there would be no ideas for music, movies, television, basically nothing for the news crew to talk about. So the real question would have to be, is societal violence a contributorRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pages of Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media suchRead MoreHow Heteronormativity And Media Stereotypes On Queer People Express Their Sexualities1655 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HOW HETERONORMATIVITY AND MEDIA STEREOTYPES IN SOCIETY INFLUENCES HOW QUEER PEOPLE EXPRESS THEIR SEXUALITIES How heteronormativity and media stereotypes influences how queer people express their sexualities Vanessa Gomes Ryerson University â€Å"Who is the man in the relationship?† â€Å"Who tops or bottoms?† These questions have become a fundamental part in queer people’s lives. Why do non queer people need for queer people and their relationships to imitate heternormativeRead MoreAdvertising and Promotion1003 Words   |  5 Pagessigns and word of mouth from town criers to promote their product to the people. Today we still use word of mouth of radio and TV personalities along with more advanced forms of media to communicate with the public. Societal values are both created and reflected through advertising. I think advertising reflects on societal values more than creating them. Most advertising appeals to emotions, specifically the emotional need for love and belonging, prestige and self-esteem. Advertisers of clothingRead MoreGendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual1721 Words   |  7 PagesGendered Societal Expectations of Appearance and Their Effects Upon the Individual It has long been generally accepted that we as humans are influenced greatly by the things that surround our everyday lives. These things can include friends, family, co-workers, the media and even society as a whole. The society in which people live can play a huge role in how they view themselves and how they view others. Over the years researchers have come up with many theories as to how and why society has

Immanuel Kant A Philosopher Who Influenced Society

One of the philosophers that impact society is Immanuel Kant; he was a philosopher in the 18th century. Immanuel Kant was born in April 22, 1724 in Kingdom of Prussia, German and died on February 12, 1804 at age 79. Philosopher Immanuel Kant composed different point of views to courage that we understand the world better. Kant is trying to tell us that there are many things that evolve around this world and that every little single element that we do makes the world what it is. Kant is well known for his work in the philosophy of ethics and metaphysics; also, he made an important astronomical discovery on the nature of Earths rotation. Kant exceeded both values of his time, Rationalism and Empiricism. We believe his work did a†¦show more content†¦To do something truly without receiving when giving, that is called respect to the moral law. Nevertheless, his philosophy was that for an act to be moral the act must be done out of one’s moods that it is one’s dut y, no matter what the result. If for even one second you think about how the act could benefit you or act because of a joy or happiness that you get for it, and then the action is considered immoral. This is where I see an error in his theory. For example, if I was at the store and the very attractive clerk gave me change for a twenty instead of a ten, and first I realized it was my moral obligation to give her money back, (decision made) and my second thought was that my honesty may help me carry on a meaningful conversation with her which may lead to more, then my â€Å"duty† by giving her money back was immoral because I took in consideration my own well-being; even though if she was 70 years old and fat I would have still given her change back just as quickly as I did with the attractive clerk. Another of Kant works is the theory of Law. It’s helpful to justify the concept that Kant stated that â€Å"a good will is essentially good; its value is wholly self-contai ned and utterly independent of its external relations.† Since it’s appropriate to the development and guidance of a good will than the values and morals of the person view will be acceptable. In his view of morality, self-interest and dutyShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy Is The Idea Of Knowing One s Mind By Asking The Simplest Question1494 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding the fundamental truths about; themselves, the world, and relationships both personal and public. Philosophers like Plato believed that our ideas influence the way we live, and therefore offered a simple yet practical approach to wisdom. As over time, philosophers have sought answers to life’s imperative questions: what is right and wrong? what is the meaning and purpose of life? who are we? who am I? how can I be truly happy? what does true happiness look like? what is suffering? does God existRead MoreThe Most Influential Thinkers Of The German Enlightenment Era1119 Words   |  5 PagesImmanue l Kant was born April 22, 1724 in Kà ¶nigsberg. Kant is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the German Enlightenment era. He could easily be labeled one of the greatest and most important Western philosophers of all time. Kant was born the fourth of nine children to Johann and Anna Kant. His father was a harness maker, and the large family lived a rather humble life. The family practiced Pietism, an 18th-century branch of the Lutheran Church. As a result of this, Kant’s earlyRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the attempt at answering or understanding the questions that the being who is philosophizing yearns to know or wishes to understand. The importance of what the philosopher wishes to know or understand is not a determinate factor in what it means to do philosophy. The act of doing philosophy is not defined by the subject of examination but by the driving passion of knowing and understanding. This means that an individual that wishes to know why a laptop is a laptop or why is it thatRead MoreThe Goals And Ideas Of The Transcendentalist Philosophers916 Words   |  4 Pagesago, you asked me to inform you on the goals and ideas of the t ranscendentalist philosophers. After some heavy research on the topic, I am ready to inform you to the finest of my abilities. How about we start with a little background and history? Sounds good? Great! First, transcendentalism is a movement that started in the early to mid-nineteenth century. According to definitions online, a transcendentalist Philosopher is a person that accepts ideas as a way of understanding life relationships ratherRead MoreTheories Of Morality And Ideas Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pages The five philosophers we studied in this course all have different understandings of what our purpose in life is and the different ways to obtain it. After studying the various theories, my own moral worldview has changed and grown since the start of this course. The philosopher that impacted me the most is Immanuel Kant, a philosopher from the sixteenth century Enlightenment era who believed that human reasoning should guide actions and that our rationality can build a better society. Kant’s philosophyRead MoreThe Appraisal Of Moral Worth : Kant Versus Nagel1253 Words   |  6 PagesAppraisal of Moral Worth: Kant Versus Nagel Since the moment we were born, our minds have been absorbing information and relaying that information into choices that subsequently dictate our life. Out of these choices, we face the dilemma of personal gain versus morality. It is in the best interests of all humanity that each individual shares similar values, such as trust, compassion, loyalty, and a desire for communal progress. When individuals share such values, it allows a society to build upon theRead MoreThe Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1725 Words   |  7 Pageshave been widely debated by philosophers and social reformers. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. Utilitarianism is one of these many moral theories. Upon further analysis, problems with utilitarian thoughts are revealed. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Moore and Immanuel Kant. Like these two p hilosophers, I argue that utilitarianismRead MoreConcepts Of The Person : Subjectivity, Identity, And Personhood1836 Words   |  8 PagesPerson: Subjectivity, Identity, and Personhood Professor: Oli Stephano Immanuel Kant, â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† Amy Abdelrazeq and Michael Barzach â€Æ' Class Presentation Response to â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† by Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher known as the central figure of modern philosophy, was born on April 22, 1724. Philosophers such as Rene Descartes, David Hume, Aristotle, and Plato influenced Kant. Kant was interested in concepts such as what makes a decision moral vs. immoralRead MoreKant s Views On The Enlightenment And Modernity923 Words   |  4 PagesThe thinkers I have chosen to answer this essay question are J.J. Rousseau and I. Kant. Both thinkers agreed that the Enlightenment would change society as they knew it, that it would allow the human being to develop, both individually and socially. I will consider both thinker’s attitudes as regards to the Enlightenment and Modernity, the individual, and finally to the individual’s responsibility in helping humanity progress towards a peaceful international community. The Enlightenment is the socialRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy On Philosophy844 Words   |  4 PagesPeople were lost. They did not know where and what to follow. Therefore, many philosophers came up with ideas to convince people to live  ¨better ¨. Rationalism related with the overview of mathematical approaches into philosophy during the period by the major rationalist figures such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza developed people ´s way of thinking in many different ways. Rationalism is perspective which engages the rational and deductive reason, an opposite structure from personal experience or

Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game Free Essays

The recent story in the NFL is helmet to helmet hits on defenseless player. The league committees are trying to make the league safer for the player to reduce injuries. The NFL Commissioner is not doing a good job protecting the players because concussion and major head damage keep happening. We will write a custom essay sample on Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Commissioners idea is to penalize by a 15 yards penalty on the field against their team, but also charged significant fines toward the player who commit the penalty. (Benavent) By fining the players the league is changing the speed of the game, the hard hitting and the fun of game. NFL Commissioner Robert Goodell stated: Strategy, strength and speed are what make the game great. We don’t want to take physical contact out of the game. But we must ensure that players follow rules designed to reduce the risk of injury. Enforcing rules on illegal hits to the head with fines and suspensions has changed tackling for the better. Players and coaches have adjusted. They always do. We now see fewer dangerous hits to the head and noticeable changes in the way the game is being played. That’s true the league is safe but fining player is not going to fix the problem. The fact is that when you are tackling you are using your head which is a fundamental football. A tackle is when a player using a great amount of force to bring a ball carrier down. Further, it’s when a defender at lower leverage and strikes a ball carrier with his head across the ball carrier body with his arms wraped around him bring him down. Let’s say that the ball carrier does the same thing lowering his head trying to avoid the hit and now the defender is call for helmet to helmet hit. In the act helmets would hit together. It’s not unavoidable and certainly not intentional. I think that the NFL commissioner wants to encourage players to hit low toward the knees where the ball carrier has no protection. The result will in tearing ACL’s and other ligaments that end players’ season and possibly careers. During this season there would be a lot of flags thrown during the game causing the game to be longer. But that’s not the main idea it is how to determine which violent hit is considered a penalty and a fine. Some of the violent hits are not called and some hits are called. The league needs to figure out which are and which are not. Most of the time these hard helmet hits happen when a receiver goes across the middle and a defender is attempting to stop the receiver from catching the ball. To clarify: Forcibly hitting the defenseless player’s head or neck area with the helmet, facemask, forearm, or shoulder, regardless of whether the defensive player also use his arms to tackle the defenseless player by encircling or grasping him; and lowering the head and making forcible contact with the top, crown or forehead â€Å"hairline† parts of the helmet against any part of the defenseless player’s body. Lapsncaps) There are a lot of conversely between NFL Commissioner Goodell and players because the fact that they have to change their playing style and adjust to the new league safety rules. I think that it’s hard to adjust because football is a violent sport and tackles require force. I understand there trying to protect players, but there inconsistent and making it into a sissy league. Tack ling is part of football. When a defender tackles a ball carrier helmet to helmet hit well happen. It’s not unavoidable and certainly no intentional. This sport is completive each team want a victory however in a situation when it really counts and a receiver attempts to catch the ball the defender would must likely hit the receiver to knocked to ball lose. But if the defender â€Å"forcibly hit the defenseless player’s head or neck area, lowering his head to any part of the defenseless player’s body is a penalty and fined thousands. The NFL wants to stop the concussion and prevent players with long term health problems. How to cite Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game, Essay examples

Negligence Liability of Public Authorities

Question: Discuss about the Negligence Liability of Public Authorities. Answer: Introduction Res Ipsa Loquitur is another term of negligence or carelessness. When any party breaches the duty of care by doing any negligence or careless act, then the innocent party is harmed. Everyone should follow the duty of care honestly. In that case if the harmed party has behaved in negligent way than it does not matter but the person who is guilty can be sued and on the basis of evidence can whether asked penalty or imprisoned. The doctrine says, the negligence is proved itself and the plaintiff does not have to provide any evidence (Blair and Squires, 2006). In the assignment some cases are given and with the help of legal rules the case is described below. As per duty of care, any person during duty should be honest and do it with dignity towards the work without any carelessness but if the rules of duty of care are violated then it can be termed as liability of tort or liability of negligence. In this case, there are three parties, Mercury, Venus and Nimbus. A courier delivery van was needed to be operated and Mercury was recruited by Venus for that. As driving motor vehicle needs training, so Mercury was trained by Venus. A medical checkup was done by a doctor Nimbus and the report stated that, because of drinking habit of Mercury he feels asleep while driving but because of Mercurys request he omitted the information from Venus. An accident was done by Mercury as he felled asleep while driving the van and Pluto was injured by that. In this case the Res Ipsa Loquitur or negligence is done by both Mercury and Nimbus who did his medical checkup (Cameron, 2004). As per English law, both breached the duty of care. It was the duty of the doctor (Nimbus) not to hide the original report of Mercury because, the question arise about a life of a person which depends on a driver who drives vehicle in road. Mercury is equally responsible for breaching duty of care because he was drunk during duty hours which are against English law (Godkin and Markwell, 2003). Not only that but the doctor has done civil wrong which falls under tort. He has intentionally not given the correct report to Venus which is not allowed. This negligence falls under tort liability of UK and Civil Liability act, 2002 of Australia (Cullen, 2002). It is a civil duty of a doctor to provide correct report but Nimbus as violated his civil duty rules and this is liability of tort, breach of duty of care and Res Ipsa Loquitur or negligence (Birks and Pretto, 2002). As per comparative negligence rules, the plaintiff (Pluto) can file lawsuit against Mercury and as Mercury is guilty, so under the doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, for the alleged negligence and causing harm to Mercury he will not be allowed to do counter claim or provide any evidence for his own support and he has to give the charges of damage of the plaintiff (Pluto) (Weissenberger, McFarland and Page, 2001). He has to give the cost of treatment to Pluto. Even, if Pluto wants then he can sue the doctor (Nimbus) to the court because he has breached his civil liability by hiding the reports of Mercurys wrong habit. As per section 3(b) of Civil liability act, the court cancel the license of the doctor or can ask compensation and if Mercury and Nimbus is not capable to give the compensation then they can be imprisoned under English law (Cullen, 2002). As per section 132 of Motor vehicle act 1988 Pluto can claim damages for his accident. If Mercury does not give penalty or compensation to Pluto, then he can be imprisoned for 10 years according to English law (Mukherjee, 2006). Nimbus can be punished under Section 1 of Fraud act of 2006, because he has breached the duty of care and not only that but he has also given wrong medical report to Venus the employer of Mercury. He has hidden his bad habit of drinking and falling asleep at any moment. This is a fraud which he did to save Mercury but other people came in risk because of his wrong support which he did to Mercury. For that reason his medical license can be cancelled if Pluto file law suit against him. Even Venus may be in problem because Mercury was employer under him and the accident took place during duty hours. So he becomes vicarious liable and for that reason damages of Pluto can be charged from him if Mercury is unable to give the compensation for his treatment. Venus is unaware of the bad habit of Mercury but as he is the employer of Mercury, so he is also responsible to check the condition and habits of the employees and for that reason he is vicariously liable and he has to give penalty for the damages of Pluto. If Pluto trusts on the doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, then he can get justice from the court because the case is entirely on his favor and as per doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, the defendant cannot counter claim on the claims of Plaintiff (Personal injury and Civil Liability act, 2011). As per common law of tort, doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur, the negligence is inferred in nature of any injury or accident and the evidence of the defendant is over looked as per rul es. The presumption of interference is related to negligence which does not falls under Substantive law but it is mandatory that the Plaintiff (Pluto) should establish Preponderance of Evidence which caused injury to the plaintiff (Pluto). Pluto can also give the circumstantial evidence showing the fault of the defendant (Mercury). Here Nimbus has done Medical Malpractice by giving wrong information to Venus which is crime under the eye of law. Pluto can apply Res Ipsa on this negligence case and he can also apply it on the doctor Nimbus. On these factors the proof can be given to court by Pluto and on that evidence the court can order to give the damages to Pluto and Mercury, Nimbus and Venus is bound to fulfill the order of the court. Claim of negligence The plaintiff (Pluto) can raise various claims because of the injury damages which he has faced because of negligence done by Mercury. Pluto is personally injured, so he can argue to fix his damages by asking medical expenses from mercury and Venus. Economic compensation can be charged by Pluto in this case. As the injury occurred because of negligent action of Mercury, so duty to mitigate damages should be ordered by the court to the defendant. Another thing which Pluto can argue can be on Breach of duty. In this concept Pluto can show the causation of negligences nature of the injury which he has faced and he can claim for medical care and repair of the things which he had with during the accident. If Pluto has got some major injury then he can claim future medical expenses from Venus and Mercury. Even because of the accident, Pluto may also lose the earning capacity which can affect his profession and life, for that reason liability comes on Venus, Mercury and Nimbus. They also ha ve to provide a solution through which Pluto does not face any loss. The wages which Pluto has lost also has to be given by Venus and Mercury because they are responsible for the loss of the money which he faced because he had to take leave from his profession because of the accident. He can also claim punitive damages because of his injury (Schlueter, 2005). Even because of his accident he may have died, so the court can punish Mercury under Motor vehicle act 1988 under section 132. If Mercury and Venus do not give any compensation then as per Motor vehicle act they can be punished. Nimbus also has to give some share of punitive damages to Pluto because he is equally responsible for the loss and damage of Pluto. If he do not pay the damages to Pluto (Plaintiff), then he will be punished under civil liability act for doing civil wrong by breaching the duty of care as a doctor and he can also be imprisoned under section 1 of Fraud act 2006 (Farrell, Ladenburg and Yeo, 2007). As per English law if any tort liability and liability of negligence found then, the court will punish the defendant. As plaintiff is harmed and he is also an innocent party, so in this case his damages should be fulfilled and court has to support him because of his loss. All this are the legal arguments which the plaintiff Pluto can raise in support of claim of negligence. Defense on lawsuit There are two separate categories of defenses: Factual defenses and Legal defenses. The claims are prohibited by some rules in case of Legal defenses. The defense which depends on comparative negligence of mitigating damages is known as Factual defense (Godkin and Markwell, 2003). There are some defenses which Pluto has lawsuit. Those defendants are described below: Venus Venus has hired Mercury in his company for delivering courier through his van. So it is his responsibility that, he should check what kind of employee he is recruiting. He should have checked the previous records of Mercury before appointing him. These are his faults or negligence, so he is vicariously liable for the accident of Pluto. During duty hours Mercury fall asleep because of his drinking habit and for that reason accident occurred. Mercury did the careless or negligible act during duty hours, so Venus is vicariously liable for the accident of Pluto and Pluto can charge punitive damages as per English law (Godkin and Markwell, 2003). If Mercury is financially inefficient to pay the compensation, then he will be imprisoned but as an employer of Mercury, Venus has to pay the damages of Pluto whether it is punitive damage by giving material damage or whether it is claim for medical treatment (Pratt, 2000). If Venus does not give damages to Pluto then, he can claim lawsuit agains t him. The court can cancel the license of the business of Venus because of his vicarious liability (Vicarious liability, 2001). By this way Pluto can prevail law suit against Venus on the consequence of his damage for which Venus is responsible or vicariously liable because Mercury is the defendant and he is only the defendant of Venus. Nimbus Nimbus is the doctor who did medical examination of Mercury and he found that he has bad habit of drinking while driving car and he falls asleep while he is in drunken condition but as Mercury requested the doctor to hide the report, so Nimbus did not provide that report to Venus. For that reason the accident occurred by Mercury. So in this case Nimbus is the main responsible person for the accident of Pluto. Pluto can lawsuit against Nimbus, even Venus can also file complaint against Nimbus for providing wrong report. As per civil law it is a crime which Nimbus did by breaching duty of care intentionally. So Nimbus has to give equal compensation to Pluto otherwise as per Civil liability act he would be imprisoned under law for doing civil wrong or negligence of tort. As he has provided wrong report, so Venus and Pluto both can law suit him under Fraud act 2006 and Medical malpractice. As per these acts his license may be cancelled or he may be imprisoned under law for 10 years (Post -legislative assessment of the Fraud Act 2006, 2012). All these are the defenses which Pluto reasonably can follow against the doctor (Nimbus) (Personal injury and Civil Liability act, 2011). Conclusion This assignment can be concluded by naming the case as pure negligence or case of tort law. Nimbus, Mercury and Venus all are liable for the accident of Pluto. Mercury is the main defendant here who harmed Pluto but Pluto can sue three of them under Res Ipsa Loquitur, where counter claim cannot be done on the plaintiff by the defendant. By this way legally the case can be solved under law and Pluto can get justice under English law (Van den Heever and Carstens, 2011). References Birks, P. and Pretto, A. (2002).Breach of trust. Oxford: Hart Pub. Blair, C. and Squires, D. (2006).The negligence liability of public authorities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cameron, N. (2004).Res ipsa loquitur. 3rd ed. Cullen, I. (2002).Civil Liability Act 2002. Sydney: NSW Young Lawyers. Farrell, S., Ladenburg, G. and Yeo, N. (2007).Blackstone's guide to the Fraud Act 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Godkin, D. and Markwell, H. (2003).The duty to care of healthcare professionals. [Toronto, Ont.]: [Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care]. Mukherjee, T. (2006).Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 with rules and exhaustive commentary on motor accident compensation. Allahabad: Premier Pub. Co. Personal injury and Civil Liability act. (2011). [Kensington, N.S.W.]: University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law, Continuing Legal Education. Post-legislative assessment of the Fraud Act 2006. (2012). London: Stationery Office. Pratt, S. (2000).Duty of care. East Roseville, N.S.W.: Simon Schuster. Schlueter, L. (2005).Punitive damages. Newark, N.J.: LexisNexis. Van den Heever, P. and Carstens, P. (2011).Res ipsa loquitur and medical negligence. Cape Town: Juta. Vicarious liability. (2001). [Brisbane]: The Commission. Weissenberger, G., McFarland, B. and Page, J. (2001).The law of premises liability. Cincinnati: Anderson Pub. Co.